Salish

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Salish

The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition | 2008 | The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright 2008 Columbia University Press. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

Salish indigenous people of North America, also known as the Flathead, who in the early 19th cent. inhabited the Bitterroot River valley of W Montana. Their language belongs to the Salishan branch of the Algonquian-Wakashan linguistic stock (see Native American languages ). These people never practiced head flattening, but the Columbia River tribes who shaped the front of the head to create a pointed appearance spoke of their neighbors, the Salish, as "flatheads" in contrast. After the introduction of the horse the Salish adopted a Plains culture, including the hunting of buffalo and the use of the tepee. They fought a series of wars with the Blackfoot over hunting land. The Jesuit missionary Pierre Jean De Smet , who in 1841 founded the mission of St. Mary in the Bitterroot valley among the Salish, persuaded the Blackfoot to make peace. By the Garfield Treaty (1872) the Salish agreed to move north to the valley of the Flathead lake and river. Many now live on the Flathead Reservation in Montana, which they share with a small group of Kootenai. In 1990 there were close to 5,000 Salish and over 2,000 people of mixed Salish and Kootenai descent in the United States.

There are several Coast Salish groups centered around Puget Sound. They numbered some 10,000 in 1990, including the Duwamish, Muckleshoot, Nisqually, Puyallup, Suquamish, Tulalip, and other groups. The city of Seattle is named after one of their great chiefs. The Native Americans of the Puget Sound area were traditionally part of the Northwest Coast cultural area (see under Natives, North American ), speaking Salishan languages, living in large wooden houses, and practicing wood carving. Their diet was based on an abundant supply of salmon, shellfish, berries, and game until they were moved onto reservations by the treaties of Medicine Creek, Point Elliott, and others in the 1850s. Since then they have waged a continual battle in federal courts over fishing and shellfish rights in the area, one of the most productive in the country.

Bibliography: See O. W. Johnson, Flathead and Kootenay (1969); J. G. Jorgensen, Salish Language and Culture (1969).

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Salish

World Encyclopedia | 2005 | © World Encyclopedia 2005, originally published by Oxford University Press 2005. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

Salish Native North American tribe, formerly occupying an area in w Montana; they later moved to the Flathead Lake region. They gave their name to one of the major language families of the Native Americans. Today c.3,000 Salish occupy several reservations in Washington, Oregon and Idaho.

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Flathead Indians

The Oxford Companion to American Literature | 1995 | | © The Oxford Companion to American Literature 1995, originally published by Oxford University Press 1995. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

Flathead Indians, name applied to several Northwestern tribes that practiced occipital flattening on their children, and even to such other tribes as the Nez Percé. The Salish of western Montana, the only tribe now known by the name, actually never employed this practice. The Flatheads figure in the Journals of Lewis and Clark, The Adventures of Captain Bonneville, and James Hall's The Wilderness and the War Path.

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James D. Hart and and Phillip W. Leininger. "Flathead Indians." The Oxford Companion to American Literature. Oxford University Press. 1995. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Nov. 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

James D. Hart and and Phillip W. Leininger. "Flathead Indians." The Oxford Companion to American Literature. Oxford University Press. 1995. Encyclopedia.com. (November 11, 2009). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O123-FlatheadIndians.html

James D. Hart and and Phillip W. Leininger. "Flathead Indians." The Oxford Companion to American Literature. Oxford University Press. 1995. Retrieved November 11, 2009 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O123-FlatheadIndians.html

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