Robert Montgomery Bird

Robert Montgomery Bird (1806-1854) was an American dramatist and novelist of true skill who gradually moved toward literary attitudes that foreshadowed late-19th-century realism.

Robert Montgomery Bird was born in New Castle, Del. His father died when the boy was 4. Bird attended medical school at the University of Pennsylvania, taking his degree in 1827 as part of a plan to restore the family fortunes. The family looked to him for support, but he had no real desire to practice medicine and he turned to literature, thus embracing a career that would be plagued by financial adversity.

At first Bird wrote only plays: romantic tragedies and comedies of Philadelphia life, such as The City Looking Glass (1828), and historical dramas, such as The Gladiator (1831), probably his most popular play. But the financial arrangements he made with Edwin Forrest, his producer, were based on a verbal understanding, not written contracts, and trouble resulted. Though Bird's plays were highly successful and his Oralloossa (1832) and The Broker of Bogota (1834) showed that his dramatic power was developing, he was not treated fairly by Forrest. The producer made a fortune but the playwright received only a pittance. Deeply discouraged, Bird gradually broke away from the theater.

Trying his hand at prose, Bird published Calavar; or, The Knight of the Conquests (1834) and followed it with a sequel, The Infidel; or, The Fall of Mexico (1835). These fictional accounts of the Spanish conquests gained the praise of historian William H. Prescott, but Bird earned little money from them. He next wrote The Hawks of Hawk-Hollow (1835), the story of the ruin of a prominent loyalist family in Pennsylvania during the Revolution. In 1836 Bird published Sheppard Lee, perhaps the earliest novel to employ psychological therapy as its central device.

Bird's finest novel, which is still widely read, was Nick of the Woods (1837). It foreshadowed realism in that it relentlessly presented Native Americans as the exact opposite of the "noble savage" of James Fenimore Cooper's novels. Bird's work aroused considerable commentary. Peter Pilgrim (1838) and Robin Day (1839) are interesting but minor efforts, probably because he was seriously ill at the time.

Bird taught at the Pennsylvania Medical Academy from 1841 to 1843, and in 1847 he became an editor of the Philadelphia North American, where he remained until his death in 1854.

Further Reading

A documented biography of Bird is Clement E. Foust, The Life and Dramatic Works of Robert Montgomery Bird (1919). Mary Mayor Bird, Life of Robert Montgomery Bird (1945), is a biography edited by C. Seymour Thompson from the unpublished notebooks of Bird's wife. A thorough treatment is Curtis Dahl, Robert Montgomery Bird (1963). For background see Arthur H. Quinn, A History of the American Drama from the Beginning to the Civil War (1923; 2d ed. 1943), and Alexander Cowie, The Rise of the American Novel (1948). □

Bird, Robert Montgomery (1806–54), playwright. Born into a well‐to‐do New Castle, Delaware, family, he lived with relatives when his father died and attended Germantown Academy and then the medical school at the University of Pennsylvania. He had often written poetry, but while at medical school or soon thereafter turned to playwriting. Such works as the farce News of the Night; or, A Trip to Niagara, the tragic romance The Cowled Lover, the Gothic horror piece Caridorf; or, The Avenger, and the comedy of manners 'Twas All for the Best; or, 'Tis a Notion, and The City Looking Glass: A Philadelphia Comedy were strongly influenced by classic writers of the past, but none were produced in his lifetime. In 1830 Bird submitted Pelopidas; or, The Fall of the Polemarchs to one of Edwin Forrest's playwriting contests and the drama about the Theban revolt against the Spartans won first prize but was not produced. The actor was far more receptive to the author's next play, The Gladiator (1831), which was an immediate success and remained one of Forrest's most popular offerings. In 1832 Forrest produced his Oralloossa, concerned with the assassination of Pizarro, and two years later mounted his best play, The Broker of Bogota. Bird also revised Metamora for the actor, but shortly thereafter had a falling out with him when Forrest refused to pay several thousand dollars due him. Discouraged, he abandoned the theatre and turned to writing novels, one of which, Nick of the Woods; or, The Jibbenainosay, was dramatized by Louisa Medina in 1838 and long remained a stage favorite. From 1841 to 1843 he taught at the Philadelphia Medical College and then became editor of the North American and United States Gazette. Arthur Hobson Quinn has written: “Had he lived in a time when the American playwright received fair treatment, it is not easy to put a limit to his possible achievements. For he had a rare sense of dramatic effect, a power to visualize historic scenes and characters, to seize the spirit of the past out of the mass of facts and, in a few lines, to fuse those facts into life.” Biography: The Life and Dramatic Works of Robert Montgomery Bird, Clement E. Foust, 1919.

Bird, Robert Montgomery (1806–54), American playwright, by profession a doctor. He first came into prominence when in 1831 Edwin Forrest appeared as Spartacus in his romantic tragedy The Gladiator. It was an immediate success, and Forrest selected it for his first appearance at Drury Lane in 1836, continuing to act in it until his retirement in 1872. It was seen on the stage as late as 1892. Bird wrote two more plays for Forrest, Oralloossa (1832) and a domestic drama, The Broker of Bogota (1834), and revised for him Stone's Metamora. All three were popular and frequently revived, but owing to the chaotic state of the copyright laws Bird made no money from them, and withdrew from the theatre to seek a livelihood elsewhere.