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Cromwell, Richard
Cromwell, Richard (1626–1712). Lord Protector (1658–9). Son of Oliver Cromwell, he held no important position until 1657. Under the Heads of the Proposals, the 1656 constitution, Oliver could nominate his successor and probably did so days before he died on 3 September 1658. Despite inexperience, Richard initially provided stability, settling army discontent and calling a Parliament elected on the traditional constituencies, which contained a majority ready to work with him. His eventual failure was caused principally by intractable problems which he inherited. Accumulated debt of £2,500,000 and economic depression worsened by the Spanish War that damaged trade could not be tackled because the main cause of an annual deficit of £300,000 was expenditure on the army and navy. Richard's ability to get practical co-operation from Parliament was frustrated by a determined and brilliantly led republican minority who wanted the return of the Rump. Even more fatal was the revival of radical political activism in the army. In April 1659 Richard tried to use Parliament to gain control over the military: this drove the generals into the radical camp and they forced him to dissolve Parliament, so forfeiting civilian support. Richard was never deposed; his authority was no longer recognized. Thereafter he lived privately, in exile from 1660 to 1680.
J. R. Jones |
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Cite this article
JOHN CANNON. "Cromwell, Richard." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN CANNON. "Cromwell, Richard." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O110-CromwellRichard.html JOHN CANNON. "Cromwell, Richard." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O110-CromwellRichard.html |
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Cromwell, Richard
Cromwell, Richard (1626–1712). Lord protector (1658–9). Son of Oliver Cromwell, he held no important position until 1657. Under the Heads of the Proposals, Oliver could nominate his successor. Despite inexperience, Richard initially provided stability, settling army discontent and calling a parliament elected on the traditional constituencies. His eventual failure was caused principally by problems which he inherited. Accumulated debt worsened by the Spanish War could not be tackled because the main cause was expenditure on the army and navy. Even more fatal was the revival of radical political activism in the army. In April 1 Richard tried to use Parliament to gain control over the military: this drove the generals into the radical camp and they forced him to dissolve Parliament. Richard was never deposed; his authority was no longer recognized. Thereafter he lived privately, in exile from 1660 to 1680.
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Cite this article
JOHN CANNON. "Cromwell, Richard." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN CANNON. "Cromwell, Richard." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O43-CromwellRichard.html JOHN CANNON. "Cromwell, Richard." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O43-CromwellRichard.html |
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Richard Cromwell
Richard Cromwell 1626–1712, lord protector of England; third son of Oliver Cromwell. He was the eldest surviving son at the death of his father (Sept. 3, 1658), who had nominated him as his successor. Although he had served in Parliament and on the council of state, Richard lacked the energy and experience to manage complicated affairs of state. Army and Parliament struggled for power, and the army forced Richard to dismiss Parliament on Apr. 22, 1659. His Protectorate had actually collapsed, but it continued in name until May 25, when the Rump Parliament, which had reassembled itself, reestablished the Commonwealth. He lived abroad (1660–80) and later in England under an assumed name.
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"Richard Cromwell." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Richard Cromwell." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-CromwellR.html "Richard Cromwell." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-CromwellR.html |
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Cromwell, Richard
Cromwell, Richard (1626–1712) Son of Oliver CROMWELL, whom he succeeded as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England 1658–59. He was more interested in country life than in politics and, incapable of reconciling the military and civilian factions in Parliament, he retired after a few months. At the RESTORATION he fled to the Continent, returning c.1680 to spend the rest of his life quietly in Hampshire.
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Cite this article
"Cromwell, Richard." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Cromwell, Richard." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-CromwellRichard.html "Cromwell, Richard." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-CromwellRichard.html |
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Cromwell, Richard
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Cite this article
"Cromwell, Richard." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Cromwell, Richard." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-CromwellRichard.html "Cromwell, Richard." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-CromwellRichard.html |
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