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Peter Lombard
Peter Lombard
Peter Lombard was born at Lumellogno in the region of Novara in northern Italy. After a period of study at Bologna or Vercelli, he crossed the Alps to France in 1134 and went to Reims to study under a fellow countryman, Lutolph of Novara, who held a prominent position in the cathedral school at Reims. Lutolph had previously been a student of Anselm of Laon, and in his teaching he continued the exegetical traditions of the school of Laon, which concentrated on the interpretation of Scripture through the sayings of the Church Fathers. After studying under Lutolph for 2 or 3 years, Lombard moved to Paris, where he may have attended at SteGeneviève the lectures of Peter Abelard, a long-standing enemy of Lutolph. During the next 5 years Lombard wrote his commentaries on the Psalms and on the Letters of St. Paul, both of which were soon used in the schools. About 1140 Lombard received his license to teach and he probably remained in Paris, where in 1144 he became a canon of the Cathedral of Notre Dame. Lombard's reputation as a theologian grew rapidly, and he seems to have developed a friendship with Bernard of Clairvaux. At the Council of Reims in 1148, Pope Eugenius III named Lombard to a commission to study the writings of the leading theologian of the school of Chartres, Gilbert de la Porrée, who was then the bishop of Poitiers. Although Lombard seems to have favored a condemnation, one was not forthcoming, and he continued in his writings the struggle against what he considered suspicious doctrine. Following a journey to Rome in 1153 and the reward of a prebend at Beauvais, he continued his teaching at Paris, where, before 1156, he became the archdeacon of the Cathedral. Lombard's greatest theological work, The Sentences, was completed in 1157 or 1158. It not only was a summary of Christian doctrine but was critical of positions taken by Gilbert de la Porrée. The work is a compilation of the sayings of the Fathers, especially of St. Augustine, on the major aspects of Christian dogma. However, it is not a mere collection of authorities but an attempt to group the most important theological statements from the sources around particular problems. Lombard made an effort to harmonize seemingly conflicting statements and constructed the outlines of a solution. But the solutions offered were not of a kind to end discussion but rather to stimulate it and to channel it within orthodox and, hopefully, fruitful lines. The form of Lombard's work was not unique but was based on De fide orthodoxa of St. John of Damascus and the Sentences of St. Isidore of Seville, and it was similar to Gratian's Decretum. The content of Lombard's Sentences covers most of Christian theology, moving from the nature of God and the Trinity at the beginning, through the doctrine of creation and Christology, to the Church, the Sacraments, and the Final Judgment. The theological bias is Augustinian, and Lombard was particularly concerned with the question of man's salvation and the nature of the moral act. He tried to maintain a strong concept of the freedom of man while stressing the omnipotence of God and the absolute need for grace. Within 2 years after its completion, students were writing commentaries on the Sentences, and the work was made a major theological source by the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215. In 1159, after the death of Bishop Thibault, Lombard was elected bishop of Paris. He died there the following year on August 21. Further ReadingThere is no full-length study of the life and thought of Lombard in English. Lombard's teaching on the Sacraments is examined in Elizabeth Frances Rogers, Peter Lombard and the Sacramental System (1917). □ |
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"Peter Lombard." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Peter Lombard." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404703949.html "Peter Lombard." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404703949.html |
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Lombard, Peter
Lombard, Peter (1554–1625), the major Irish figure in the Counter‐Reformation. An Old English native of Waterford, he studied at Louvain, graduating first in the school of arts (1575) and staying on to become professor of philosophy and theology. On university business in Rome in 1598–9, he doubled as Hugh O'Neill's agent and wrote De regno Hiberniae sanctorum insula commentarius (published posthumously 1633) to encourage papal support. Talent‐spotted by Pope Clement, he was made archbishop of Armagh instead of O'Neill's Ulster candidate. Lombard became one of the chief theologians in the curia, involved in the congregation on grace (1602–7), the condemnation of Copernicus's heliocentric theory (1616), and the approval of nativist conversion techniques in India (1623). Lombard's influential position‐papers argued for a recognition of James I to ease pressure on Irish and British Catholics. At first he favoured the appointment of vicars‐general rather than bishops in Ireland, to avoid affronting the civil authorities. Not surprisingly, the exiled Hugh O'Neill disagreed with him over invasion plans and ecclesiastical appointments.
Lombard left the day‐to‐day running of the Irish Catholic church to his one‐time secretary David Rothe, whom he instructed to hold synods of the clergy to remind them of their parochial duties, to reconcile seculars and regulars, and to stamp out popular superstitions. In 1621 he made preparations to return home, hoping to take up the vacant see of Waterford and Lismore rather than rough it in Armagh, but never went. Hiram Morgan |
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"Lombard, Peter." The Oxford Companion to Irish History. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Lombard, Peter." The Oxford Companion to Irish History. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O245-LombardPeter.html "Lombard, Peter." The Oxford Companion to Irish History. 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O245-LombardPeter.html |
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Peter Lombard
Peter Lombard Lat. Petrus Lombardus, c.1100-c.1160, Italian theologian, often called Magister Sententiarum. He studied at Bologna, Reims, and Paris, where he is said to have been a student of Abelard. He acquired some fame as a teacher and was given high offices, serving for a time as archbishop of Paris. His Sentences, one of the most celebrated of all theological works, is a compilation of opinions of earlier theologians, often in conflict and not always reconciled. It was particularly important because its doctrine on sacraments (that a sacrament is both a symbol and a means of grace and that seven fulfill the required conditions) was adopted as the official doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church at the Council of Trent (see Trent, Council of ). By the 13th cent., the Sentences had become the principal theological text in the universities, and many of the greatest scholastics wrote commentaries on it. |
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"Peter Lombard." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Peter Lombard." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-PeterLom.html "Peter Lombard." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-PeterLom.html |
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Peter Lombard
Peter Lombard (c.1100–60), ‘Master of the Sentences’. He taught at the Cathedral School in Paris from 1143/4. In 1148 he opposed Gilbert de la Porrée at the Council of Reims and in 1159 he was appointed Bp. of Paris. His ‘Sentences’ are divided into four books on (1) the Trinity, (2) the Creation and Sin, (3) the Incarnation and the Virtues, and (4) the Sacraments and the Four Last Things. Though after his death, the orthodoxy of the work was challenged, after 1215 it became for some time the standard textbook of Catholic theology. Its teaching on the Sacraments marked an important development; Peter was among the first to insist on the number seven, to distinguish them from sacramentals, and to clarify the conception by asserting the efficacy and causality of the sign.
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E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Peter Lombard." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Peter Lombard." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-PeterLombard.html E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Peter Lombard." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-PeterLombard.html |
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Peter Lombard
Peter Lombard (c.1100–60), Magister Sententiarum, or Master of the Sentences, became professor of theology and, in 1159, bishop of Paris. His Sententiae, written between 1145 and 1150, are a collection of opinions on the Church Fathers, dealing with God, the Creation, the Redemption, and the nature of the Sacraments. It became the standard theological textbook of the 13th cent.
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MARGARET DRABBLE and JENNY STRINGER. "Peter Lombard." The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. MARGARET DRABBLE and JENNY STRINGER. "Peter Lombard." The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O54-PeterLombard.html MARGARET DRABBLE and JENNY STRINGER. "Peter Lombard." The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. 2003. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O54-PeterLombard.html |
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Peter Lombard
Peter Lombard (c.1100–60). Christian theologian. Born in Lombardy, after studying in Italy, he went to Reims, and then to Paris where he taught from c.1134. In 1159 he became bishop of Paris. His chief work, the Sentences, was written 1155–8. It became the standard textbook of theology during the Middle Ages, commented on by nearly every theologian of repute.
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JOHN BOWKER. "Peter Lombard." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN BOWKER. "Peter Lombard." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-PeterLombard.html JOHN BOWKER. "Peter Lombard." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-PeterLombard.html |
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Peter Lombard
Peter Lombard see Peter Lombard . |
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Cite this article
"Peter Lombard." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Peter Lombard." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-X-LombardP.html "Peter Lombard." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-X-LombardP.html |
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Lombard, Peter
Lombard, Peter, see Peter Lombard.
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Cite this article
MARGARET DRABBLE and JENNY STRINGER. "Lombard, Peter." The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. MARGARET DRABBLE and JENNY STRINGER. "Lombard, Peter." The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O54-LombardPeter.html MARGARET DRABBLE and JENNY STRINGER. "Lombard, Peter." The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. 2003. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O54-LombardPeter.html |
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Lombard, Peter
Lombard, Peter. See PETER LOMBARD.
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Cite this article
E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Lombard, Peter." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Lombard, Peter." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-LombardPeter.html E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Lombard, Peter." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-LombardPeter.html |
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