Perugino

Perugino , c.1445-1523?, Umbrian painter, b. near Perugia. His real name was Pietro di Cristoforo Vannucci. Perugino is, after Raphael, the greatest painter of the Umbrian school. His tenderness of color and simplicity of style evolved into a more contemplative expression in his later years. He studied under Fiorenzo di Lorenzo, assisted Piero della Francesca at Arezzo, and was a fellow pupil of Leonardo da Vinci and Lorenzo di Credi in Verrocchio's studio in Florence. In 1479 Perugino was summoned to Rome by Pope Sixtus IV to help decorate the Sistine Chapel. Some of his work there was destroyed to make room for Michelangelo's Last Judgment. The remaining fresco, Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter, is one of the greatest paintings from the second half of the 15th cent. because of its simplicity and clarity of composition. From 1486 to 1491 Perugino worked mainly in Florence. Important works of that period are the Madonna with Saints and Angels (Louvre); Pietà (Pitti Palace, Florence); The Crucifixion, fresco (Santa Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi, Florence); Madonna Enthroned with Saints (Vatican); and The Crucifixion (National Gall. of Art, Washington, D.C.). His last period (1505-23), centering mainly about Umbria, was one of great productivity. He had many pupils and assistants, among them the youthful Raphael. From 1496 to 1498 Perugino worked on the great altarpiece, The Ascension, for San Pietro of Perugia. He also undertook the decoration of the audience hall of the Cambio in Perugia, consisting of allegorical figures and two sacred subjects, Nativity and Transfiguration. In 1500 he painted the altarpiece, Madonna and Saints, for the Certosa of Pavia. Other works of the last period are Triumph of Chastity (Louvre), a panel painted for the study of Isabella d'Este at Mantua; Virgin between St. Jerome and St. Francis and The Adoration of the Shepherds, his last work (both: National Gall., London); and Annunciation (National Gall. of Art, Washington, D.C.).

Bibliography: See B. Berenson, Italian Painters of the Renaissance (Vol. II, 1897, repr. 1968); biography by E. Hutton (1907).

Perugino, Pietro ( Pietro Vannucci) (b Città della Pieve, Umbria, c.1450; d Fontignano, nr. Perugia, Feb./Mar. 1523). Italian painter, active mainly in Perugia, from which his nickname derives. His early career is obscure, but he seems to have formed his style chiefly in Florence, where Vasari says he studied with Verrocchio—this would have been at about the same time that Leonardo da Vinci was training with him (he is also said to have been a pupil of Piero della Francesca; this could have preceded his training in Florence). In 1472 he was enrolled as a painter in the fraternity of St Luke in Florence (the same year as Leonardo) and in 1475 he was back in Perugia. By 1481 he was sufficiently well known to be commissioned to paint frescos on the walls of the newly built Sistine Chapel, Rome, for Pope Sixtus IV ( Francesco della Rovere), along with Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, and Cosimo Rosselli (Signorelli later completed the work). Vasari says that Botticelli was head of the team, but some modern scholars think that Perugino was more likely to have been leader, partly because of the prominence of his contributions. His main work there is Christ Delivering the Keys to St Peter; he also did the frescoed altarpiece, but this was destroyed to make way for Michelangelo's Last Judgement.

His reputation firmly established, Perugino received commissions from various places in central Italy, and in the 1490s he maintained a workshop in Florence as well as in Perugia. In 1500 he was described as the best painter in Italy (by Agostino Chigi), and he was indeed at his peak at about this time. He was a fine portraitist as well as a fresco painter, but today he is best known for his altarpieces, which are usually gentle, pious, and rather sentimental in manner. His style does not seem to have been a reflection of his personality, for Vasari says he ‘was not a religious man’ and that he ‘would have gone to any lengths for money’. In about 1505 he left the competitive atmosphere of Florence, where his work now seemed old-fashioned, and settled permanently in Perugia, although he returned to Rome in about 1508 to paint a ceiling for Pope Julius II ( Giuliano della Rovere) in the Stanza dell'Incendio in the Vatican. His later work is often routine and repetitive, but at his best, as in the Vatican fresco, he has the authority of a great master. The harmony and spatial clarity of his compositions and his idealized physical types strongly influenced the young Raphael, who worked with him early in his career, so Perugino can be seen as one of the harbingers of the High Renaissance. A second wave of his influence came in the 19th century, when he was glorified by the Pre-Raphaelites.

Perugino, Pietro ( Pietro Vannucci) (c.1450–1523). Italian painter, active mainly in Perugia, from which his nickname derives. His early career is obscure, but he seems to have formed his style chiefly in Florence, where Vasari says he studied with Verrocchio—this would have been at about the same time that Leonardo da Vinci was training with him (he is also said to have been a pupil of Piero della Francesca; this could have preceded his training in Florence). In 1472 he was enrolled as a painter in the fraternity of St Luke in Florence (the same year as Leonardo) and in 1475 he was back in Perugia. By 1481 he was sufficiently well known to be commissioned to paint frescos on the walls of the newly built Sistine Chapel, Rome, for Pope Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere), along with Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, and Cosimo Rosselli (Signorelli later completed the work). Vasari says that Botticelli was head of the team, but some modern scholars think that Perugino was more likely to have been leader, partly because of the prominence of his contributions. His main work there is Christ Delivering the Keys to St Peter; he also did the frescoed altarpiece, but this was destroyed to make way for Michelangelo's Last Judgement. His reputation firmly established, he had commissions from various places in central Italy, and in the 1490s he maintained a workshop in Florence as well as in Perugia. In 1500 he was described as the best painter in Italy (by Agostino Chigi), and he was indeed at his peak at about this time. He was a fine portraitist as well as a fresco painter, but today he is best known for his altarpieces, which are usually gentle, pious, and rather sentimental in manner. His style does not seem to have been a reflection of his personality, for Vasari says he ‘was not a religious man’ and that he ‘would have gone to any lengths for money’. In about 1505 he left the competitive atmosphere of Florence, where his work now seemed old-fashioned, and settled permanently in Perugia, although he returned to Rome in about 1508 to paint a ceiling for Pope Julius II ( Giuliano della Rovere) in the Stanza dell'Incendio in the Vatican. His later work is often routine and repetitive, but at his best, as in the Vatican fresco, he has the authority of a great master. The harmony and spatial clarity of his compositions and his idealized physical types strongly influenced the young Raphael, who worked with him early in his career, so Perugino can be seen as one of the harbingers of the High Renaissance. A second wave of his influence came in the 19th century, when he was glorified by the Pre-Raphaelites.