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Pergamum
Pergamum , ancient city of NW Asia Minor, in Mysia (modern Turkey), in the fertile valley of the Caicus. It became important c.300 BC, after the breakup of the Macedonian empire, when a Greek family (the Attalids) established a brilliant center of Hellenistic civilization. The kingdom achieved major importance under Attalus I (d. 197 BC), Eumenes II (d. 160 or 159), and Attalus II (d. 138). These kings followed a pro-Roman policy through fear of the imperialism of Philip V of Macedon and of Antiochus III of Syria. The independence of Pergamum ended dramatically when Attalus III (d.133) bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman people. The chief glory of Pergamum was its sculpture, at two periods. The first Pergamene school (c.250–200) celebrated the decisive victory (c.230) of Attalus I over the Galatians; the Dying Gaul is an example of the realism of the art. The later period (200–150) produced a frieze for a great altar of Zeus, glorifying especially the defeat (190) of Antiochus III of Syria at Magnesia . Pergamum was the birthplace of Galen . The cultured Pergamene rulers also built up a library second only to the one at Alexandria. One of the library's specialties was the use of parchment , which takes its name from the city. Eventually the library was given by Antony to Cleopatra. Under Rome, Pergamum was reconstituted as the province of Asia, and Ephesus rapidly eclipsed Pergamum as the chief city of Asia Minor. Pergamum accepted Christianity early; it was one of the Seven Churches of Asia (Rev.1.11; 2.12). Various forms of the name are Pergamus, Pergamon, and Pergamos. The modern town of Bergama, Izmir prov., is on the site of ancient Pergamum.
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"Pergamum." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Pergamum." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Pergamum.html "Pergamum." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Pergamum.html |
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Pergamum
Pergamum An ancient city in what is now Turkey, some 20 km (12 miles) inland from the west coast of Asia Minor. It developed into a major power during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC under the Attalid dynasty. In particular, Attalus I (ruled 241–197), inflicted a severe defeat on the GALATIANS and for a time wrested most of Asia Minor from the SELEUCIDS. He allied himself to Rome in the first two MACEDONIAN WARS and his pro-Roman policy was followed by his successors. Thus Eumenes II (died c.160) helped to defeat Antiochus at Magnesia and in accordance with Attalus III's will the kingdom was bequeathed to Rome in 133 BC. It became a province of Asia, and was soon eclipsed by Ephesus as the chief city of the region.
Attalid Pergamum was a brilliant centre of Hellenistic civilization: its chief glories were its sculpture and its library, where parchment was developed in the 2nd century BC as a more durable material than papyrus for books. |
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"Pergamum." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Pergamum." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-Pergamum.html "Pergamum." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-Pergamum.html |
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Pergamum
Pergamum. The town (modern Bergama in Turkey) was a centre of culture in the 2nd cent. BC. To this period belongs the invention of parchment (‘pergamena carta’) as a substitute for papyrus.
One of the ‘Seven Churches’ addressed in Rev. (2: 12–17), Pergamum is called the ‘place where Satan's throne is’. As it was the first city in Asia to receive permission to worship the living ruler, the reference is presumably to Emperor-worship. |
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E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Pergamum." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Pergamum." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-Pergamum.html E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Pergamum." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-Pergamum.html |
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Pergamum
Pergamum a city in ancient Mysia, in western Asia Minor, situated to the north of Izmir on a rocky hill close to the Aegean coast. The capital in the 3rd and 2nd centuries bc of the Attalid dynasty, it was one of the greatest and most beautiful of the Hellenistic cities and was famed for its cultural institutions, especially its library, which was second only to that at Alexandria. The word parchment derives partly from its name.
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ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Pergamum." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Pergamum." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Pergamum.html ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Pergamum." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Pergamum.html |
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Pergamum
Pergamum Ancient city-state on the site of modern Bergama, w Turkey. It was founded by Greek colonists under licence from the Persian Emperors in the 4th century bc. At its peak in the 3rd–2nd centuries bc, it controlled much of w Asia Minor. In 133 bc, it was bequeathed to Rome by Attalus III.
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"Pergamum." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Pergamum." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Pergamum.html "Pergamum." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Pergamum.html |
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Pergamum
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W. R. F. BROWNING. "Pergamum." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. W. R. F. BROWNING. "Pergamum." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O94-Pergamum.html W. R. F. BROWNING. "Pergamum." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O94-Pergamum.html |
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Pergamum
Pergamum •minimum • maximum • optimum
•chrysanthemum, helianthemum
•cardamom • Pergamum • sesamum
•per annum • magnum • damnum
•Arnhem, Barnum
•envenom, venom
•interregnum • Cheltenham • arcanum
•duodenum, plenum
•platinum • antirrhinum • Bonham
•summum bonum • Puttnam
•ladanum • molybdenum • laudanum
•origanum, polygonum
•organum • tympanum
•laburnum, sternum
•gingham • Gillingham • Birmingham
•Cunningham • Walsingham
•Nottingham • wampum • carom
•Abram • panjandrum • tantrum
•angstrom • alarum • candelabrum
•plectrum, spectrum
•arum, harem, harum-scarum, Sarum
•sacrum, simulacrum
•maelstrom • cerebrum • pyrethrum
•Ingram
•sistrum, Tristram
•Hiram
•grogram, pogrom
•nostrum, rostrum
•cockalorum, decorum, forum, jorum, Karakoram, Karakorum, Mizoram, pons asinorum, quorum
•wolfram • fulcrum • Durham
•conundrum • buckram • lustrum
•serum, theorem
•labarum • marjoram • pittosporum
•Rotherham • Bertram
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"Pergamum." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Pergamum." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Pergamum.html "Pergamum." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Pergamum.html |
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