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Pangaea
Pangaea Early in the twentieth century the German scientist Alfred Wegener postulated that, commencing in the Mesozoic and continuing up to the present, a huge supercontinent, ‘Pangaea’ (meaning ‘all land’), had rifted and the fragmented components had moved apart as a result; this soon came to be generally known as continental drift. His interpretation was that South America and Africa began to separate in the Cretaceous, as did North America and Europe, but North America and Europe had retained contact in the north as late as the Quaternary. The Indian Ocean had begun to open up in the Jurassic but the principal movements took place in the Cretaceous and Tertiary.
Although Wegener's supercontinent was controversial for many years, the general outlines of his interpretation are now widely accepted, although parts of it have had to be modified as more information has become available. Thus no one accepts today that the final separation of North America and Europe took place in the Quaternary. With the use of the magnetic anomaly record of the ocean floor it is possible to trace the opening of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans in considerable detail. The earliest opening apparently took place in the Middle Jurassic, in the central sector of the Atlantic between the present United States and north-west Africa, followed slightly later by opening of the Mozambique Channel off East Africa. The principal separation of the continents took place, however, in the Cretaceous, with the South Atlantic commencing its opening, Western Europe separating from North America, and India separating from Australia, Africa, and Antarctica. In the early Tertiary the northernmost sector of the Atlantic, the Norwegian Sea, began to open, and North America became separated from Europe in the Eocene. The final separation of Australia from Antarctica also took place in the Early Tertiary. Figure 1 shows a modern reconstruction of Pangaea on a Mercator-type projection, showing a number of geological tie-lines between the continents. The reconstruction is much more detailed than Wegener could attempt; it takes advantage of bathymetric and geological information unavailable to him, and uses least-squares computer fits of continental edges. The fit is awkward in two regions. There is some overlap of North and South America, and the Antarctic Peninsula does not align neatly, as the geology would suggest, with the Andean mountain chain of South America. It is believed that the reason for this lies in a mixture of continental stretching and strike-slip faulting between continental segments. Major modifications also have to be made of such Pangaea reconstructions undertaken in the years soon after the general acceptance of continental displacements and plate tectonics. It has become established within the past two decades that extensive parts of southern and eastern Asia have been accreted to the main Asian continent since the Late Palaeozoic, with a series of small continents progressively moving towards and suturing with the mainland (so-called displaced or exotic terranes). Thus, while western Pangaea was splitting up in the Mesozoic, north-eastern Pangaea experienced the reverse process. Because of a positive hypsometric relationship between continental area and average height, Pangaea must have stood higher above the ocean level than the present dispersed smaller continents. It would also have induced a global monsoonal circulation rather than the zonal atmospheric circulation of today. Although the Mesozoic is generally considered to have experienced a more equable climate than that of the present day, the absence of polar ice caps in the Mesozoic must have resulted in considerable seasonal temperature extremes in the Pangaea climate, and much of the continental interior, far from the ocean, would have been arid in low latitudes. Anthony Hallam Bibliography Embry, A. F., Beauchamp, B., and Glass, D. J. (eds) (1994) Pangea: global environments and resources. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir No. 17. |
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PAUL HANCOCK and BRIAN J. SKINNER. "Pangaea." The Oxford Companion to the Earth. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. PAUL HANCOCK and BRIAN J. SKINNER. "Pangaea." The Oxford Companion to the Earth. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O112-Pangaea.html PAUL HANCOCK and BRIAN J. SKINNER. "Pangaea." The Oxford Companion to the Earth. 2000. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O112-Pangaea.html |
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Pangaea
Pangaea a vast continental area or supercontinent comprising all the continental crust of the earth, which is postulated to have existed in late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic times before breaking up into Gondwana and Laurasia.
The name is frequently stated to have been coined by A. Wegener 1914, in Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane, but it has not been found in the 1st edition of that book (actually published in 1915); Pangäa does occur in ed. 2 (1920), but with no indication that it is a coinage. |
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ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Pangaea." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Pangaea." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Pangaea.html ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Pangaea." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Pangaea.html |
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Pangaea
Pangaea A single supercontinent which came into being in late Permian times and persisted for about 40 Ma before it began to break up at the end of the Triassic Period; or, in the view of some people, which existed throughout most of the Earth's history prior to the Triassic (the matter remains unresolved). It was surrounded by the universal ocean of Panthalassa.
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MICHAEL ALLABY. "Pangaea." A Dictionary of Ecology. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. MICHAEL ALLABY. "Pangaea." A Dictionary of Ecology. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O14-Pangaea.html MICHAEL ALLABY. "Pangaea." A Dictionary of Ecology. 2004. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O14-Pangaea.html |
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Pangaea
Pangaea A single supercontinent which came into being in late Permian times and persisted for about 40 million years before it began to break up at the end of the Triassic Period; or, in the view of some people, which existed throughout most of the Earth's history prior to the Triassic. It was surrounded by the universal ocean of Panthalassa.
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AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "Pangaea." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "Pangaea." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-Pangaea.html AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "Pangaea." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-Pangaea.html |
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Pangaea
Pangaea Name for the single supercontinent that formed about 240 million years ago, and which began to break up at the end of the Triassic period. Geologists have reconstructed existing land masses with continental shelves to form models of this supercontinent. See also Gondwanaland
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"Pangaea." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Pangaea." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Pangaea.html "Pangaea." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Pangaea.html |
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Pangaea
Pangaea A single supercontinent which came into being in late Permian times and persisted for about 40 million years before it began to break up at the end of the Triassic Period. It was surrounded by the universal ocean of Panthalassa.
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MICHAEL ALLABY. "Pangaea." A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. 1998. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. MICHAEL ALLABY. "Pangaea." A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. 1998. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O7-Pangaea.html MICHAEL ALLABY. "Pangaea." A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. 1998. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O7-Pangaea.html |
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Pangaea
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MICHAEL ALLABY. "Pangaea." A Dictionary of Zoology. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. MICHAEL ALLABY. "Pangaea." A Dictionary of Zoology. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-Pangaea.html MICHAEL ALLABY. "Pangaea." A Dictionary of Zoology. 1999. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-Pangaea.html |
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Pangaea
Pangaea see continental drift . |
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"Pangaea." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Pangaea." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-X-Pangaea.html "Pangaea." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-X-Pangaea.html |
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Pangaea
Pangaea •Achaea, aliyah, Almería, Apia, Bahía, Caesarea, Cassiopeia, Chaldea, Cytherea, Euboea, foreseer, freer, galleria, gynaecea, Iphigenia, Kampuchea, kea, keyer, Latakia, Leah, Lucia, Nicaea, Nicosia, onomatopoeia, Oriya, Pangaea, Pantelleria, pharmacopoeia, pizzeria, ria, rupiah, sangría, seer, sharia, Shia, skier, spiraea (US spirea), Tanzania, taqueria, Tarpeia, Thea, trachea, trattoria, urea
•sightseer
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"Pangaea." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Pangaea." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Pangaea.html "Pangaea." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Pangaea.html |
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