NEW CASTLE

NEW CASTLE, a colonial settlement in Delaware founded by the Dutch in 1651 as Fort Casimir, was established to compete with the Swedish-controlled trade with the Indians along the Delaware River. Three years later, in May of 1654, it was surrendered to the Swedish governor and renamed Fort Trinity, only to be recaptured in 1655 by Peter Stuyvesant to operate under the Dutch West India Company. It was renamed again in 1656, this time New Amstel, by the burgomasters of the city of Amsterdam, and finally renamed New Castle in 1664 after surrender to Sir Robert Carr. It was governed by the Duke of York until 1682, when ownership was transferred to William Penn.

William Penn's colony, a haven for Quakers and other persecuted sects attracted by his policy of religious toleration, had been formed with a proprietary charter received in 1681 from the Crown designating him governor. In 1682, Penn was granted the three lower Delaware counties of Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex, all of which eventually separated from Pennsylvania to become the colony of Delaware in 1773. Under Penn's governorship, New Castle was the seat of the assembly of the Lower Counties, the seat of New Castle County at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War in 1776, and the capital of Delaware until the British invaded in 1777 and moved the capital to Dover.

New Castle was part of the Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware), the only part of British North America initially settled by non-English Europeans. Society in the Middle Colonies was a mix of Dutch Calvinists, Scandinavian Lutherans, German Baptists, Swiss Pietists, Welsh Quakers, French Huguenots, Scots Presbyterians, and a sizable African slave population. The English were a clear minority. New settlers tended to stay with their own kind, creating a region characterized by a cultural localism that expressed itself in politics, thus creating a burgeoning conflict with the English settlers committed to British imperial objectives and English culture, including the Anglican Church. Local government included an elected assembly representing the people, and assemblymen were expected to advocate for their constituents' cultural, religious, and economic concerns. These concerns frequently were at odds with the governors' imperial objectives. English policy was intent on subordinating the interests of the colonies to those of the mother country and frequently was the cause of disputes between various colonial leaders. In one such incident, in 1696, Francis Nicholson, the governor of Maryland, took offense at Pennsylvania governor William Markham's reluctance to carry out imperial reform and dispatched troops to New Castle to arrest the pirate John Day, whom Markham had hired to defend the Delaware Capes against French privateers. Political success in such an atmosphere involved complex compromises that, although beneficial in the short term, ultimately proved divisive, diluting local power and undermining local leaders largely incapable of sustained stability. The growth of the Atlantic economy after the decline of the fur trade, the increasing importance of the major port cities of Philadelphia and New York, and the spread of Anglican congregations beyond their origin communities forecast the future social configurations and political culture of what would eventually become the United States.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cooper, Constance J., ed. 350 Years of New Castle, Del.: Chapters in a Town's History. Wilmington, Del.: Cedar Tree, 2001.

Munroe, John A. Colonial Delaware: A History. Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Press, 1978.

Weslager, C. A. The Swedes and Dutch at New Castle. New York: Bart, 1987.

Christine E.Hoffman

New Castle1 City (1990 pop. 4,837), New Castle co., N Del., on the Delaware River. Mineral, metal, food, paper, and gypsum products are among its varied manufactures. It is also a major book distribution center. Peter Stuyvesant built a Dutch fort there, and the settlement was called Niew Amstel until renamed in 1664. The state of Delaware was formed there at a convention on Sept. 21, 1776, and for a year the city was the state capital. The Immanuel Church (1710) is a historic landmark. Other colonial buildings are the Old Dutch House (from the late 1600s) and Amstel House Museum. The main campus of Wilmington Univ. is there.

2 City (1990 pop. 17,753), seat of Henry co., E Ind.; inc. 1839. It is the trade center of an agricultural and farm region, and there is food processing. Manufactures include automotive parts, feed, steel and rubber products, machinery, and pharmaceuticals. The city has a number of prehistoric Native American mounds. Wilbur Wright 's birthplace is nearby.

3 City (1990 pop. 28,334), seat of Lawrence co., W Pa., at the junction of the Shenango and Neshannock rivers, in a fertile farm area; inc. 1825. Apples, soybeans, and grain are grown, and there are livestock and dairy cattle. Coal, limestone, and clay deposits found in the region contribute to the city's economy. Manufactures include metal and plastic products, machinery, transportation equipment, and fireworks. The Hoyt Institute of Fine Arts is there.

New Castle, Jamaica, USA 1. USA (Delaware): founded in 1651 by the Dutch as Santhoeck and renamed in 1655 Nieuw Amstel. It was captured by the British in 1664 and given its present name, probably in honour of William Cavendish (1592–1676), 1st Duke of Newcastle, who was a Royalist commander during the English Civil War (1642–51).2. USA (Indiana): founded in 1819 and named by Ezekiel Leavell after his hometown in Kentucky.3. USA (Pennsylvania): founded in 1798 to incorporate an iron furnace and named after Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne in England.

Newcastle, Australia, Canada, Ireland, Nevis, South Africa, UK, USA 1. Australia (New South Wales): established as the Coal Harbour Penal Settlement in 1801, it was renamed after the nearby Newcastle coalfield, itself named after the Newcastle in England whose principal export from the 16th century was coal.2. Canada (New Brunswick): founded in 1785 and almost certainly named after Thomas Pelham‐Holles (1693–1768), 1st Duke of Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne and British prime minister (1754–6 and 1757–62).3. South Africa (KwaZulu‐Natal): founded in 1864 and named after Henry Clinton (1811–64), 5th Duke of Newcastle, British secretary of state for the colonies (1852–4, 1859–64).4. UK (England): although the Romans built a fort at Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne, the name ‘New Castle’ from the Old English nīwe and castel dates to a Norman castle built here in 1080. The expression ‘to carry coals to Newcastle’ means to do something unnecessary, given the city's then coal‐mining industry. Newcastle under Lyme denotes the name of a forest which may be derived from a Celtic name meaning ‘region of elm trees’.5. UK (Northern Ireland): in Irish, An Caisleán Nua ‘The New Castle’. The castle after which the town is named belonged to the Magennis and was built in 1588.6. USA (Wyoming): founded in 1889 as a coal‐mining town, it took the name of Newcastle in England.

Newcastle city (1991 pop. 262,331), New South Wales, SE Australia, on the Pacific Ocean. It is the center of one of the country's largest coal-mining areas and is a large port. Coal, wool, iron and steel, and wheat are exported. The city has steel mills and shipyards; chemicals, glass, fertilizer, and textiles are also produced. The first permanent settlement on the site was made in 1804. The Univ. of Newcastle is in the city.

Newcastle, ‘new castle’, OE nīwe + castel (often in Latin in early spellings): Newcastle Shrops. Novum castrum 1284. Newcastle under Lyme Staffs. Novum castellum subtus Lymam 1173. Lyme is an old district name, possibly ‘escarpment’, see Burslem. Newcastle upon Tyne Newc. upon T. Novum Castellum 1130. For the river-name, see Tynemouth.

Newcastle town (1991 pop. 5,711), E central N.B., Canada, on the Miramichi River. Located in a lumbering region, it has sawmills and a large pulp mill. Newcastle was the birthplace of the Canadian leader Peter Mitchell and was the boyhood home of Lord Beaverbrook.

Newcastle (An Caisleán Nua) Down. (ag fersait) an chaisléin nui 1433. ‘The new castle’.

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