Nelson Appleton Miles

Nelson Appleton Miles (1839-1925), American soldier, participated in many of the campaigns against the western Indian tribes.

Nelson A. Miles was born on Aug. 8, 1839, at Westminster, Mass. After completing his schooling at the age of 17, he moved to Boston, where he became a clerk and studied military tactics at night. At the outbreak of the Civil War he used his savings and borrowed money to raise a company of volunteers and was commissioned a lieutenant. He was able to transfer to the 61st New York Volunteers as a lieutenant colonel in September 1862. His rise to prominence was then meteoric, and he emerged from the war a major general of volunteers and recipient of the Medal of Honor. He married Mary Hoyt Sherman in 1868 (a niece of Gen. William T. Sherman and of Senator John Sherman of Ohio). Family influence brought him a colonelcy in the Army and command of the 40th Infantry Regiment.

After the Civil War, Miles served extensively in the Indian wars of the American West. In 1875 he helped defeat the Comanche, Kiowa, and Cheyenne on the South Plains. Transferred north, he aided in driving Sitting Bull and the Sioux into Canada in 1876, and the following year he received the surrender of Chief Joseph of the Nez Percé after marching his troops 160 miles through wintry cold. In 1880 he was promoted to brigadier general and given command of the Department of the Columbia. In 1885 he was given command of the Department of the Missouri but was transferred to the Department of Arizona in April 1886. There he secured Geronimo's surrender.

In 1890, after his promotion to major general, Miles suppressed the "ghost dance" craze (prompted by a messianic cult) of the Sioux Indians. Four years later, following orders from President Grover Cleveland, he quelled the Pullman strike in Chicago. For these feats he was made commanding general of the Army in 1895, a post he held until his retirement in 1903. His record during the Spanish-American War was not brilliant, but in 1901 he was given the coveted promotion to lieutenant general. He had not, however, achieved the goal he most desired. In every election following 1888, he had expected a presidential nomination. Following his retirement, he lived in Washington, D.C., where he died on May 15, 1925. He was buried with military honors at Arlington National Cemetery.

Further Reading

Hoping his life story would gain him the presidential nomination, Miles wrote his autobiography twice: Personal Recollectionsand Observations of General Nelson A. Miles (1896) and Serving the Republic: Memoirs of the Civil and Military Life of Nelson A. Miles (1911). Virginia W. Johnson, The Unregimented General: A Biography of Nelson A. Miles (1962), is sympathetic if uncritical, while Newton F. Tolman, The Search for General Miles (1968), is of minor value.

Additional Sources

Amchan, Arthur J., The most famous soldier in America: a biography of Lt. Gen. Nelson A. Miles, 1839-1925, Alexandria, Va.: Amchan Publications, 1989.

Miles, Nelson Appleton, Nelson A. Miles, a documentary biography of his military career, 1861-1903, Glendale, Calif.: A.H. Clark Co., 1985.

Wooster, Robert, Nelson A. Miles and the twilight of the frontier army, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993. □

Miles, Nelson Appleton (1839–1925) army officer, born in Westminster, Massachusetts. Miles was one of the most aggressive and effective fighters in the Army of the Potomac during the Civil War and was later recognized as one of the most effective fighters in the West against Indians. Appleton received the Medal of Honor (1892) for his actions at Chancellorsville (1863), where he was severely wounded. He first gained fame for his Indian fighting during the Red River War (1874–75), while stationed in Kansas. Transferred to Montana, he drove many tribes into Canada (1876) and won a victory against Crazy Horse (1877). His 1877 campaigns against the Nez Percé cut off their flight into Canada and forced the surrender of Chief Joseph. While he was in charge of the Department of Arizona, Miles's campaign against the Apaches led Geronimo to surrender to him (1886). While in command of the Division of the Missouri, he directed the Ghost Dance campaign, which led to the slaughter at Wounded Knee (1890). Although Miles was at the time the commanding general (1895–1903), President William McKinley in effect directed the Spanish-American War (1898). Miles did, however, lead the successful strike against Puerto Rico.