Moluccas

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Moluccas or Spice Islands, Bahasa Indonesia Maluku, Du. Molukken, island group and prov. (1990 pop. 1,856,075), c.32,300 sq mi (83,660 sq km), E Indonesia, between Sulawesi and New Guinea. The capital of the province is Ambon, on Ambon island. The group's many islands include Halmahera (the largest), Seram , Buru, Ambon , Ternate , and Tidore and the Aru and Kai island groups. Of volcanic origin, the Moluccas are mountainous, fertile, and humid. They are the original home of nutmeg and cloves. Other spices, copra, and forest products are also produced. Sago is the staple food.

The islands were visited by the Portuguese in c.1512 and thereafter colonized by them; they established a trading center at Ternate. In the 17th cent. they were taken by the Dutch, who secured a monopoly in the clove trade. Twice the British gained a foothold in the islands, which passed definitively to the Dutch in the first quarter of the 19th cent. Local separatists declared a Southern Moluccas republic following Indonesia's independence, but they were crushed. The separatist movement experienced a resurgence following President Suharto's fall from power (1998). The islands have been the scene of Muslim-Christian violence in recent years.

Bibliography: See I. Burnet, Spice Islands (2011).

Moluccas (Maluku), Indonesia Jazīrat‐al‐Muluk, Maluco An island province. The present name is a modification of the original name meaning ‘Land of Many Kings’ from Jazīratul jabal maluk, a reference to the fact that many early accounts mention that each island had its own king. Since earliest times the islands were known as the Spice Islands because of their nutmeg, cloves, and mace. The trade in spices was highly competitive (because Europeans did not believe they could be grown anywhere else) and so did much to encourage exploration of the Far East. The Portuguese were the first to arrive in 1511 and they were followed by the Dutch in 1599; they took control in 1610 and their sovereignty was recognized in 1667. Incorporated into the Muslim Republic of Indonesia in 1949, the predominantly Christian Moluccans proclaimed an independent Republic of South Moluccas (Republik Maluku Selatan) in 1950. This was quickly suppressed, but dreams of an independent ‘South Moluccas’ have never died.

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