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Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich
KALININ, MIKHAIL IVANOVICH(1875–1946), Bolshevik, president of the USSR in 1922. Active in the Russian Social Democratic Party from 1898, Mikhail Kalinin was an Old Bolshevik who held numerous important positions, including chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (1919) and president of the USSR (1922). Born of peasant parents in Tver Province, Kalinin moved to St. Petersburg in 1889 and found employment at the Putilov factory. Kalinin's peasant origins and experience as a skilled industrial worker made him an attractive representative of the Communist Party. After the October Revolution in 1917, he became the chief administrator in Petrograd. He quickly rose to prominence as a member of the party's Central Committee from 1919, a full member of the Politburo from 1925, and chair of commissions to prepare Soviet constitutions in 1923 and 1936. In defense of the New Economic Policy (NEP), Kalinin allied with Josef Stalin against Leon Trotsky and the Left Opposition in struggles for power following Vladimir Lenin's death. When Stalin switched sides, adopting the Left's program of forced collectivization of agriculture, Kalinin sided with Nikolai Bukharin in advocating moderation. Urging a conciliatory approach toward the peasantry, Kalinin opposed harsh treatment of the kulaks. While never publicly criticizing Stalin, Kalinin expressed reservations about the terror of the 1930s. He continued to serve the party as a propagandist until the end of World War II, and was one of the few Old Bolsheviks to survive the Stalinist purges. On June 3, 1946, Kalinin died of cancer. See also: bolshevism; constitution of 1936 bibliographyKalinin, M. I. (1950). On Communist Education: Selected Speeches and Articles. Moscow: Foreign Languages Pub. House. Kate Transchel |
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TRANSCHEL, KATE. "Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich." Encyclopedia of Russian History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. TRANSCHEL, KATE. "Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich." Encyclopedia of Russian History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404100624.html TRANSCHEL, KATE. "Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich." Encyclopedia of Russian History. 2004. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404100624.html |
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Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich
Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich (b. 19 Nov. 1875, d. 3 June 1946). Head of state of the Soviet Union 1919–46 Born in Verkhniaia Troitsa (near Tver, whose name was changed to Kalinin until 1990 in his honour), he became an active revolutionary after joining the Social Democratic (Workers') Party in 1898. He joined its Bolshevik faction in 1903. He was involved in the Russian Revolutions of 1905 and 1917, when he became Mayor of Petrograd (St Petersburg). In 1919 he became Chairman of the Central Executive Committee and de facto head of state, a function that became official upon the foundation of the USSR in 1922. Subsequently, he was remarkable less for his actions, than for his unique ability as an old comrade of Lenin to escape the Great Purge and die a natural death, remaining in his (albeit ceremonial) high office throughout. He achieved this through a peculiar combination of adaptability, cunning, and blandness.
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JAN PALMOWSKI. "Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JAN PALMOWSKI. "Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-KalininMikhailIvanovich.html JAN PALMOWSKI. "Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-KalininMikhailIvanovich.html |
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Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin
Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin , 1875–1946, Russian revolutionary. Of peasant origin, he was active in revolutionary affairs from his youth. He became the first chairman of the central executive committee of the USSR, or titular head of state (1919–46), and was a member (1925–46) of the politburo. |
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"Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-KalininM.html "Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-KalininM.html |
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Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich
Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich (1875–1946) Soviet statesman, head of state of the Soviet Union (1919–46). He was a founder (1912) of the newspaper Pravda and fought in the Russian Revolution (1917). A supporter of Joseph Stalin, Kalinin served in the Politburo (1925–46).
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"Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-KalininMikhailIvanovich.html "Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-KalininMikhailIvanovich.html |
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Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich
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Cite this article
"Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-KalininMikhailIvanovich.html "Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-KalininMikhailIvanovich.html |
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