Michael Drayton

The English poet Michael Drayton (1563-1631) attempted to create a strong national culture by turning for inspiration to English history rather than to foreign sources.

Like his contemporary William Shakespeare, Michael Drayton was the son of a prosperous Warwickshire tradesman. He received a good education as a page in the house of Sir Henry Goodere, but there is no record of his ever having studied at a university.

Drayton's first publication, The Harmony of the Church, a somewhat clumsy paraphrase of the Bible, appeared in 1591, when he was 28. Succeeding publications exemplify a wide variety of genres. Idea, the Shepherd's Garland (1593) is a collection of nine pastoral poems, celebrating ideal beauty, in imitation of Edmund Spenser. Idea's Mirror (1594), a sonnet sequence, also portrays the poet's beloved (probably Anne Goodere, the daughter of his patron), under the Platonic name of "Idea."

By 1593 Drayton had also written his first historical romance in verse, Piers Gaveston. Two heroic poems followed, drawing on incidents in English history: Robert, Duke of Normandy and Mortimeriados, both published in 1596. The latter, which portrays the evils of civil strife, was considerably revised and republished as The Baron's Wars (1603). The most popular of Drayton's early works, England's Heroical Epistles, was published in 1597. Written in imitation of Ovid's Heroides, it consists of a series of verse letters between lovers famous in English history.

Drayton turned to the fashionable genre of satirical verse in two rather obscure works, The Owl (1604) and The Man in the Moon (1606). Some of his most famous shorter works were published in Poems Lyric and Pastoral (1606), including the patriotic "Battle of Agincourt" and the "Ode to the Virginian Voyage," which celebrates English discoveries in America. Drayton's ambitious Polyolbion (1612-1622), a long topographical poem, describes region by region the beauties and traditions of England and attempts to provide a legendary basis for the Stuart claim to the English throne. The most important of the poems of Drayton's later years, his Nymphidia (1627), is a delicate mock-heroic tale of the fairy kingdom, peopled with characters like those that appear in Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream.

Although Drayton often lacks dramatic power and intellectual depth, he has been rightly praised for his versatility, narrative skill, and insight into character. He died in London in 1631 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Further Reading

The Works of Michael Drayton was edited by J. William Hebel (5 vols., 1931-1941; rev. ed. 1961). An edition of Drayton's Poems was edited by John Buxton (2 vols., 1953). Biographical and critical studies of Drayton's life and works include Oliver Elton, Michael Drayton (1905); Glenn P. Haskell, Drayton's Secondary Modes (1936); Bernard H. Newdigate, Michael Drayton and His Circle (1941; rev. ed. 1961); and Joseph A. Berthelot, Michael Drayton (1967). Recommended for general background are Lisle C. John, The Elizabethan Sonnet Sequences (1938); Hallett D. Smith, Elizabethan Poetry (1952); and Clive S. Lewis, English Literature in the Sixteenth Century, Excluding Drama (1954).

Additional Sources

Elton, Oliver, An introduction to Michael Drayton, Norwood, Pa.: Norwood Editions, 1977. □

Drayton, Michael (1563–1631), of whose personal life little is known. He died in comparative poverty, but was buried in Westminster Abbey.

He was an extremely prolific writer, producing historical, topographical, and religious verse, as well as odes, sonnets, and satires. He published Idea: The Shepheards Garland (1593), eclogues in the Spenserian manner including praise of Queen Elizabeth and lament for the death of Sidney; Ideas Mirrour (1594), a sonnet sequence, which in its final version, entitled Idea (1619), included the famous sonnet ‘Since there's no help, come let us kiss and part’. His poems on legendary and historical figures began c.1593 with Peirs Gaveston, followed by Matilda (1594), Robert, Duke of Normandy (1596), and Mortimeriados (1596), later revised as The Barrons Wars (1603). Englands Heroicall Epistles (1597) was modelled on Ovid's Heroides; it consists of twelve pairs of verse letters exchanged by lovers from English history. Among later works are The Owle (1604), an obscure satire; and Odes (1606). This innovatory collection included his ‘Ballad of Agincourt’, which opens with the lines:Fayre stood the winde for France
When we our sailes advaunce.
He later wrote a narrative poem on the same subject, The Battaile of Agincourt (1627); the same volume also included The Miseries of Queene Margarite, Nimphidia, The Court of Fayrie, and the interesting epistle to Henry Reynolds ‘Of Poets and Poesie’. Drayton's largest project was his great topographical poem on England, The Poly-Olbion, written 1598–1622.

Michael Drayton 1563–1631, English poet. The son of a prosperous tradesman, he received his educational training in the house of Sir Henry Goodere, where he served as page. There he made a lasting friendship with Anne Goodere, the youngest daughter of Sir Henry, who became the "Idea" in his series of sonnets (1593–1619). His work reflects the many poetic fashions of the day. He wrote poems on English history and topography ( England's Heroical Epistles, 1597–99; the 15,000-line panoramic Poly-Olbion, 1612–22; Mortimeriados, 1596, recast in The Barons' Wars, 1597); satires ( The Owl, 1604, and "The Moon Calf," 1627); a Spenserian, though mock-heroic, fairyland poem ( Nymphidia, 1627); and the idyllic Muses' Elysium (1630). He also wrote scriptural paraphrases, pastorals, popular ballads, myths, and collaborated on plays.

Bibliography: See his complete works (ed. by J. W. Hebel et al., 5 vol., 1931–41); studies by R. Hardin (1973), L. Westling (1974), S. Naqi Husain Jafri (1981), and J. R. Brink (1990).