Russian, Soviet, and CIS History: Biographies

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Michael

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

Michael (Michael Romanov), 1596–1645, czar of Russia (1613–45), founder of the Romanov dynasty; grandnephew of Anastasia, first wife of Ivan IV. His election as czar, following successive appearances of false pretenders (see Dmitri ), ended the so-called Time of Troubles, a period of social and political chaos in Russia that had begun in the late 16th cent. The real power in the government was Michael's father, the patriarch Philaret (d. 1633). During Michael's reign the peasantry was further reduced to serfdom; peace was temporarily obtained with Poland and Sweden; and some Western industrial and military techniques were introduced by foreign manufacturers and other experts. Michael was succeeded by his son Alexis.

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czar

The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English | 2009 | Copyright

czar / zär; (t)sär/ (also tsar or tzar) • n. 1. variant spelling of tsar. 2. a person with great authority or power in a particular area: America's new drug czar. DERIVATIVES: czar·dom / -dəm/ n. czar·ism / -ˌizəm/ n. czar·ist / -ist/ n. & adj.

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"czar." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

"czar." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-czar.html

"czar." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-czar.html

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czar

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology | 1996 | | Copyright

czar, tzar, tsar emperor of Russia. XVI. Russ. tsar', ult. repr. L. Caesar through the medium of Gmc., in which the word meant ‘emperor’ (cf. MLG. ke(y)ser, OHG. keisar, ON. keisari, Goth. kaisar).

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T. F. HOAD. "czar." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

T. F. HOAD. "czar." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-czar.html

T. F. HOAD. "czar." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-czar.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	Czars--they're everywhere!(Policy Journal)(Barack Obama ) Magazine article from: Farm Journal; 9/1/2009
	St. Petersburg, Russia; Paper trails of revolutions past;... Newspaper article from: The Seattle Times (Seattle, WA); 3/15/2012
	Cyber czar.(PLUGGED IN - NATIONAL SECURITY)(INSIDE THE RING)(Column) Newspaper article from: The Washington Times (Washington, DC); 3/12/2009