Michael (czar of Russia)

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Michael

Michael (Michael Romanov), 1596-1645, czar of Russia (1613-45), founder of the Romanov dynasty; grandnephew of Anastasia, first wife of Ivan IV. His election as czar, following successive appearances of false pretenders (see Dmitri ), ended the so-called Time of Troubles, a period of social and political chaos in Russia that had begun in the late 16th cent. The real power in the government was Michael's father, the patriarch Philaret (d. 1633). During Michael's reign the peasantry was further reduced to serfdom; peace was temporarily obtained with Poland and Sweden; and some Western industrial and military techniques were introduced by foreign manufacturers and other experts. Michael was succeeded by his son Alexis.

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czar

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology | 1996 | | Â© The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology 1996, originally published by Oxford University Press 1996. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

czar, tzar, tsar emperor of Russia. XVI. Russ. tsar', ult. repr. L. Caesar through the medium of Gmc., in which the word meant ‘emperor’ (cf. MLG. ke(y)ser, OHG. keisar, ON. keisari, Goth. kaisar).

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T. F. HOAD. "czar." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 22 Dec. 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

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T. F. HOAD. "czar." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Retrieved December 22, 2009 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-czar.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	Gifts to the czars: Seventeenth-century European silver from the Kremlin Armory in Moscow. Magazine article from: The Magazine Antiques; 10/1/2001
	Ted Turner's Russia. (column) Magazine article from: National Review; 8/19/1988
	Parallel lives and legacies.(books, arts & manners)('Forge of Empires: Three Revolutionary Statesmen and the World They Made, 1861-1871')(Book review) Magazine article from: National Review; 12/31/2007

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	After 80 years, Russia's last czar to be laid to rest News Wire article from: AP Online; 7/17/1998; ; 700+ words ; ...1998 ST. PETERSBURG, Russia (AP) _ With the scent...hanging in the air, Russia buried its last czar today in a somber ceremony...blood and lawlessness for Russia, with repentance and...countries, and Prince Michael of Kent, a member of...
	Seeking peace, Russia buries its last czar News Wire article from: AP Online; 7/17/1998; ; 700+ words ; ...first president buried Russia's last emperor Friday...coffins of the slain czar Nicholas II and his family...prominent victims of Russia's bloody 1917 revolution...blood and lawlessness for Russia, with repentance and...Among them was Prince Michael of Kent, representing...
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	Through Czars and Soviet Union, Spying Remains Second Nature for Russia Newspaper article from: The Washington Post; 12/19/1996; ; 700+ words ; ...to it all the time under the czars," former CIA director Richard...profile espionage case involving Russia in the past three years. It...identities of American agents in Russia. While the latest crop of spy...States has been equally active in Russia. Analysts note that the American...
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	IMPERIAL MYSTERY LAST CZAR'S REMAINS FOUND, WRITER SAYS.(Main) Newspaper article from: Albany Times Union (Albany, NY); 4/13/1989; 700+ words ; Byline: Michael Parks Los Angeles Times The skull and bones of Russia's last czar, previously believed to...disclose the discovery. Czar Nicholas II was executed...Moscow News that he found the czar's skeleton and the remains...
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