Michael (czar of Russia)

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Michael

Michael (Michael Romanov), 1596-1645, czar of Russia (1613-45), founder of the Romanov dynasty; grandnephew of Anastasia, first wife of Ivan IV. His election as czar, following successive appearances of false pretenders (see Dmitri ), ended the so-called Time of Troubles, a period of social and political chaos in Russia that had begun in the late 16th cent. The real power in the government was Michael's father, the patriarch Philaret (d. 1633). During Michael's reign the peasantry was further reduced to serfdom; peace was temporarily obtained with Poland and Sweden; and some Western industrial and military techniques were introduced by foreign manufacturers and other experts. Michael was succeeded by his son Alexis.

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czar

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology | 1996 | | Â© The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology 1996, originally published by Oxford University Press 1996. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

czar, tzar, tsar emperor of Russia. XVI. Russ. tsar', ult. repr. L. Caesar through the medium of Gmc., in which the word meant ‘emperor’ (cf. MLG. ke(y)ser, OHG. keisar, ON. keisari, Goth. kaisar).

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T. F. HOAD. "czar." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Nov. 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

T. F. HOAD. "czar." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (November 11, 2009). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-czar.html

T. F. HOAD. "czar." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Retrieved November 11, 2009 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-czar.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	Gifts to the czars: Seventeenth-century European silver from the Kremlin Armory in Moscow. Magazine article from: The Magazine Antiques; 10/1/2001
	Tuesday, June 9 News Wire article from: AP Worldstream; 6/2/2009
	Monday, June 9 News Wire article from: AP Worldstream; 6/2/2008

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