French History: Biographies

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Louis VIII

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

Louis VIII 1187–1226, king of France (1223–26), son and successor of King Philip II . He fought (1215, 1219) against the Albigenses in S France. Invited by English lords in rebellion against their king, John , to become king of England, he invaded (1216) England, although his action caused his excommunication by Pope Innocent III. The death of John and the accession of Henry III as king of England lost Louis much support among the English nobility. After his defeat (1217) at Lincoln, he withdrew. In 1224 he conquered Poitou from the English. To make his peace with the church, he pledged to go on crusade, and in 1226 he resumed the Albigensian Crusade and conquered most of Languedoc. He continued his father's policy of strong central authority.

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Louis VIII

World Encyclopedia | 2005 | Copyright

Louis VIII (1187–1226) King of France (1223–26). He invaded England (1216) at the invitation of barons opposing King John but was defeated at Lincoln (1217) and returned to France. Louis successfully concluded the crusade against the heretical Albigenses in s France.

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"Louis VIII." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 31 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

"Louis VIII." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 31, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-LouisVIII.html

"Louis VIII." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved May 31, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-LouisVIII.html

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Alexander VIII

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | 2000 | | Copyright

Alexander VIII (1610–91), Pope from 1689. He effected a reconciliation with Louis XIV of France, who in 1690 returned Avignon and Venaissin. In 1690 he condemned the Four Gallican Articles of 1682 and 31 propositions of C. O. Jansen.

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E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Alexander VIII." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 31 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Alexander VIII." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (May 31, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-AlexanderVIII.html

E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Alexander VIII." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Retrieved May 31, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-AlexanderVIII.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	King Louis VIII! Newspaper article from: Liverpool Echo (Liverpool, England); 8/1/2009
	From King Henry VIII to King Louis for Marie. Newspaper article from: Daily Mail (London); 7/25/2008
	The Making of Saint Louis: Kingship, Sanctity, and Crusade in the Later... Magazine article from: Canadian Journal of History; 9/22/2009