French History: Biographies

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music Further reading

Louis Jules Trochu

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

Louis Jules Trochu , 1815–96, French general. He fought in Algeria, in the Crimean War, and in the Italian war of 1859. In L'Armée française en 1867 (1867), he criticized the French army and urged its reorganization. He was military governor of Paris when the Franco-Prussian War broke out (1870). He did not attempt to prevent the overthrow, at Paris, of the Second Empire after the French rout at Sedan (Sept., 1870), and he accepted the presidency of the government of national defense, hoping to conduct an honorable rather than a victorious defense. Trochu's inactivity in defense of Paris was severely criticized. He resigned after the capitulation of Paris in Jan., 1871. He wrote several volumes of apologia.

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Vierne, Louis (Victor Jules)

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music | 1996 | | Copyright

Vierne, Louis (Victor Jules) (b Poitiers, 1870; d Paris, 1937). Fr. organist and composer, born blind, but had limited sight after operation in 1877. Org., Nôtre Dame de Paris 1900–37. Taught org., Paris Cons. 1894–1911; prof. of org., Schola Cantorum, Paris, from 1912. Toured Europe and USA as org. recitalist. Wrote 6 org. syms. (1898–1930) and shorter pieces for org., also mass, str. qt., vn. sonata, vc. sonata, pf. quintet, and an orch. sym. (1907–8). Died playing org. at Notre Dame.

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MICHAEL KENNEDY and JOYCE BOURNE. "Vierne, Louis (Victor Jules)." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 31 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

MICHAEL KENNEDY and JOYCE BOURNE. "Vierne, Louis (Victor Jules)." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (May 31, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O76-VierneLouisVictorJules.html

MICHAEL KENNEDY and JOYCE BOURNE. "Vierne, Louis (Victor Jules)." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. 1996. Retrieved May 31, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O76-VierneLouisVictorJules.html

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