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Liverpool
Liverpool, created a borough by royal will (1207) as a convenient place of embarkation for Irish campaigns, fluctuated in prosperity until the early 17th cent. when Irish industries developed and Chester declined. Of protestant temper, its value as a point of contact between Ireland and the northern royalists accounted for its importance in the Civil War, being twice besieged. Continuing to control the larger share of the Irish trade, Liverpool gained impetus from profitable commerce with the plantations (sugar, tobacco, cotton) and the rapid development of Manchester's textile industries. Both legitimate and illegitimate trade with the West Indies and South America enabled gain at the expense of Bristol and London, and led traders into the even more lucrative African traffic. Involvement in the slave trade brought riches and an unsavoury reputation, but the money improved transport and communication with productive Lancashire industries. When trade with the East Indies and Spanish America was thrown open and the American midwest began to expand, Liverpool's dominance of Atlantic trade and as an emigration port produced a cosmopolitan but overcrowded, unhealthy, politically corrupt, and turbulent city. Systematic attempts to reconstruct led to generally steady improvement, growth being accompanied by high levels of immigration (especially from Ireland), and continued establishment of new local industries. Despite extensive reconstruction of the business quarters after severe bomb damage in the Second World War, the subsequent de-industrialization of Liverpool has led to its being better known for its football teams, music groups, and comedians, yet it still exerts economic and cultural dominance over the surrounding metropolitan region.
A. S. Hargreaves |
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JOHN CANNON. "Liverpool." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN CANNON. "Liverpool." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O110-Liverpool.html JOHN CANNON. "Liverpool." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O110-Liverpool.html |
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Liverpool
Liverpool city (1991 pop. 448,300), NW England, on the Mersey River near its mouth. It is one of Britain's largest cities. A large center for food processing (especially flour and sugar), Liverpool has a variety of industries, including the manufacture of electrical equipment, chemicals, and rubber. Liverpool was once famous for its pottery, and its textile industry was also prosperous; however, since World War II its cotton market has declined considerably. The city's first wet dock was completed by 1715; at their height, the docks were more than 7 mi (11.3 km) long. Once Britain's greatest port, Liverpool suffered extreme setbacks with the advent of container ships, which it could not handle, and the shift in Great Britain's trade focus from the United States to the European Union. Some of the docklands have been redeveloped as cultural and tourist attractions. The city is connected by tunnel with Birkenhead across the Mersey.
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"Liverpool." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Liverpool." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Liverpoo.html "Liverpool." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Liverpoo.html |
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Liverpool
Liverpool, like Bristol, owed its rise to its involvement in trade with Ireland (though its link with the slave trade in the 18th century was another key element). Individual migrants from Ireland came regularly to Liverpool but it was during the Great Famine that migration occurred on a massive scale. Many of these refugees continued on to Canada and the United States but others remained, earning a living as dock workers, as seamen, or as casual labourers in the Scotland Road area. A strongly Irish ethnic identity survived and in the 19th and early 20th centuries the Irish community in the Scotland parliamentary division regularly returned the Nationalist Party MP T. P. O'Connor to Westminster. A good deal of sectarian hostility between ‘Orange’ and ‘Green’ also existed, particularly in the Netherfield Road area of Everton. During the Second World War, however, in the wake of heavy bombing by the Luft‐waffe during ‘May Week’ 1941, the level of sectarian feeling declined. In the second half of the 20th century the links between Liverpool and Ireland became more attenuated. Immigrants from Ireland now preferred to seek work in London or the Midlands rather than the depressed area which Liverpool had become. ‘Liverpool Irish’ was increasingly transformed into a ‘Liverpudlian’ identity made familiar by the Beatles, by television series, and by the success of Liverpool Football Club. The memory of Bill Shankly overwhelmed that of St Patrick.
Hugh Kearney |
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"Liverpool." The Oxford Companion to Irish History. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Liverpool." The Oxford Companion to Irish History. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O245-Liverpool.html "Liverpool." The Oxford Companion to Irish History. 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O245-Liverpool.html |
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Liverpool
Liverpool, which in the 1740s had theatrical entertainments given by visiting Irish players who appeared in a converted room known as the Old Ropery Theatre, had its first permanent theatre building, in Drury Lane, in 1750. Used by actors from London during the summer months, it had originally no boxes. These were added in 1759, and in 1767 a green room and dressing-rooms were also provided. It became a Theatre Royal in 1771, the name being transferred to a new theatre erected a year later. The interior was rebuilt in 1803 to provide a horseshoe-shaped auditorium which was later adapted as a circus, and eventually the building became a storage depot. In its heyday Liverpool, which was independent of any circuit, had a theatre season which lasted practically all the year round. The Star Theatre, which opened in 1866, became the home of lurid melodrama until 1911, when it was taken over as a repertory theatre, known since 1916 as the Liverpool Playhouse. In 1866 also the present Empire Theatre, taken over by the Merseyside County Council in 1979 and extensively renovated, opened as the New Prince of Wales, changing its name to the Alexandra a year later. Seating 2,312, it is the largest two-tier theatre in the country, providing entertainment ranging from touring drama, opera, and ballet to variety and pop music. The enterprising Everyman Theatre has achieved a high reputation, and appeals particularly to young people.
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PHYLLIS HARTNOLL and PETER FOUND. "Liverpool." The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. PHYLLIS HARTNOLL and PETER FOUND. "Liverpool." The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O79-Liverpool.html PHYLLIS HARTNOLL and PETER FOUND. "Liverpool." The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre. 1996. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O79-Liverpool.html |
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Liverpool
Liverpool City and seaport on the n side of the River Mersey estuary, Merseyside, nw England. Liverpool was founded in the 10th century, and became a free borough in 1207. The first wet dock was completed in 1715, and the city expanded rapidly to become Britain's largest port. In the early 20th century, it was the major embarkation port for emigration to the New World. Liverpool suffered severe bomb damage during World War II. The construction (1972) of a container terminal and the completion of a rail tunnel link with Birkenhead improved the city's trade and transport links. In the 1980s, inner-city regeneration schemes included the Albert Dock refurbishment. Liverpool Free Port (Britain's largest) opened in 1984. The sixth-largest city in England and the principal Atlantic port, Liverpool has more than 800ha (2000 acres) of dockland. Pop. (1997) 458,000.
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"Liverpool." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Liverpool." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Liverpool.html "Liverpool." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Liverpool.html |
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Liverpool
Liverpool, created a borough by royal will (1207) as a convenient place of embarkation for Irish campaigns, fluctuated in prosperity until the early 17th cent. when Irish industries developed and Chester declined (from silting). Continuing to control the larger share of the Irish trade, Liverpool gained impetus from lucrative commerce with the plantations (sugar, tobacco, cotton) and the rapid development of Manchester's textile industries. Involvement in the slave trade brought riches and an unsavoury reputation. Despite extensive reconstruction of the business quarters after severe bomb damage in the Second World War, the subsequent de‐industrialization of Liverpool has led to its being better known for its football teams, pop music groups, and comedians.
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Cite this article
JOHN CANNON. "Liverpool." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN CANNON. "Liverpool." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O43-Liverpool.html JOHN CANNON. "Liverpool." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O43-Liverpool.html |
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Liverpool
Liverpool, Australia, Canada, UK, USA 1. Australia (New South Wales): founded in 1810 and named after Robert Banks Jenkinson (1770–1828), 2nd Earl of Liverpool, who was secretary of war and the colonies (1809–12) at the time, and prime minister (1812–27).2. Canada (Nova Scotia): originally a Native American settlement called Ogumkiqueok, it was subsequently renamed Port Rossignol, Port Senior, and Port Saviour before becoming Liverpool in 1759.3. UK (England): formerly Liuerpul ‘Pool full of Weeds’ or ‘Muddy Pool’ from the Old English lifer ‘thick’ or ‘coagulated’ and pōl after a tidal creek, now disappeared, known as the Pool.
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JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Liverpool." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Liverpool." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Liverpool.html JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Liverpool." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Liverpool.html |
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Liverpool
Liverpool Lpool. Liuerpul c.1190. ‘Pool or creek with thick or muddy water’. OE lifer + pōl.
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A. D. MILLS. "Liverpool." A Dictionary of British Place-Names. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. A. D. MILLS. "Liverpool." A Dictionary of British Place-Names. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O40-Liverpool.html A. D. MILLS. "Liverpool." A Dictionary of British Place-Names. 2003. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O40-Liverpool.html |
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LIVERPOOL
LIVERPOOL, LIVERPUDLIAN. See SCOUSE.
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TOM McARTHUR. "LIVERPOOL." Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. 1998. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. TOM McARTHUR. "LIVERPOOL." Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. 1998. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-LIVERPOOL.html TOM McARTHUR. "LIVERPOOL." Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. 1998. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-LIVERPOOL.html |
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Liverpool
Liverpool •Banjul, befool, Boole, boule, boules, boulle, cagoule, cool, drool, fool, ghoul, Joule, mewl, misrule, mule, O'Toole, pool, Poole, pul, pule, Raoul, rule, school, shul, sool, spool, Stamboul, stool, Thule, tomfool, tool, tulle, you'll, yule
•mutule • kilojoule • playschool
•intercool • Blackpool
•ampoule (US ampule) • cesspool
•Hartlepool • Liverpool • whirlpool
•ferrule, ferule
•curule • cucking-stool • faldstool
•toadstool • footstool • animalcule
•granule • capsule • ridicule • molecule
•minuscule • fascicule • graticule
•vestibule • reticule • globule
•module, nodule
•floccule • noctule • opuscule
•pustule • majuscule • virgule
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"Liverpool." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Liverpool." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Liverpool.html "Liverpool." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Liverpool.html |
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