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Kristallnacht

A Dictionary of Contemporary World History | 2004 | | Copyright

Kristallnacht (‘night of broken glass’) (9 Nov. 1938) A pogrom by Nazi activists and SA members against Jews, triggered by a speech by Goebbels in which he used the murder of a member of the German embassy in Paris by a Jew as a pretext to incite a ‘spontaneous uprising’, in which over 7,000 Jewish shops and almost all synagogues were destroyed by the Nazi mob. At least ninety-one Jews died, and around 30,000 Jews were sent to concentration camps at least for a while. Jews were also ordered to pay a ‘compensation’ of one billion marks. The pogrom backfired, in that few ordinary Germans took part, and most were appalled by the lawlessness of the act. Nevertheless, few could or would do anything to protest against the treatment of Jews.

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JAN PALMOWSKI. "Kristallnacht." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 31 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

JAN PALMOWSKI. "Kristallnacht." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (May 31, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-Kristallnacht.html

JAN PALMOWSKI. "Kristallnacht." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Retrieved May 31, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-Kristallnacht.html

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Kristallnacht

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

Kristallnacht [Ger.,=night of crystal], in German history, the night of Nov. 9, 1938, a night of violence against Jews and of destruction of the businesses and other property belonging to them. The name is a reference to the broken glass that resulted from the destruction. Using the pretext of the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris, Goebbels urged Storm Troopers to stage violent reprisals. A night of rampages by Storm Troopers, the SS, and the Hitler Youth resulted in 91 Jewish dead, hundreds injured, and 7,500 businesses and 177 synagogues gutted.

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"Kristallnacht." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 31 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

"Kristallnacht." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 31, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Kristall.html

"Kristallnacht." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Kristall.html

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Kristallnacht

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | 1997 | | Copyright

Kristallnacht (Germ., ‘night of glass’). The night, 9 Nov. 1938, on which Nazi anti-Semitism in Germany moved onto a new level of ferocity: synagogues were burned down and Jewish-owned shops were looted and destroyed (hence the name, because the streets were covered in glass). From this point on, the mass deportations to concentration camps began. See also HOLOCAUST.

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JOHN BOWKER. "Kristallnacht." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 31 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

JOHN BOWKER. "Kristallnacht." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (May 31, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Kristallnacht.html

JOHN BOWKER. "Kristallnacht." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Retrieved May 31, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Kristallnacht.html

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Kristallnacht

The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable | 2006 | | Copyright

Kristallnacht the occasion of concerted violence by Nazis throughout Germany and Austria against Jews and their property on the night of 9–10 November 1938. The (German) word means literally ‘night of crystal’, referring to the broken glass produced by the smashing of shop windows.

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ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Kristallnacht." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 31 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Kristallnacht." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (May 31, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Kristallnacht.html

ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Kristallnacht." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Retrieved May 31, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Kristallnacht.html

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Kristallnacht

Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes | 2007 | Copyright

Kristallnacht •Kristallnacht • Gaeltacht •Brecht, echt •Fichte • Maastricht

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"Kristallnacht." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Kristallnacht.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	Kristallnacht: 70 years later.(OPINION)(Viewpoint essay) Newspaper article from: The Jewish Advocate (Boston, MA); 11/7/2008
	'Kristallnacht' remembered: history and communal responsibility.(crimes... Magazine article from: Commonweal; 2/12/1999
	Remembrance of Kristallnacht; shared heritage. Magazine article from: Midstream; 11/1/2007