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Nyerere, Julius Kambarage
Nyerere, Julius Kambarage (b. Mar. 1922, d. 14 Oct. 1999). Prime Minister of Tanganyika 1961; President of Tanganyika and later Tanzania 1962–85 Born in Butiama (Musoma) as the son of a chief of the Zanaki tribe, he became a teacher and in 1949 was the first African from Tanganyika to study in Britain, when he went to Edinburgh University. He returned to continue teaching, but in 1954 his political career took off when he became a member of the legislative council. In that year, he also became president of the TANU (Tanganyikan African National Union). Despite constant harassment by the British colonial authorities, he became his country's leading advocate of independence. He became the colony's Chief Minister in 1960, and Prime Minister upon the attainment of full self-government. Following independence in 1962 he established a one-party state, in order to internalize possible dissent or tension within the country's ethnically heterogeneous population. In contrast to many African leaders, he had a very clear understanding that Western models of Communism or capitalism were not easily applicable to Africa, and that they had to be adapted to the local context. This was the origin of his Arusha declaration, in which he adapted socialism to focus on the ideal of the Ujamaa. However, ultimately Tanzania was unable to isolate itself from the capitalist-dominated world market. He accepted responsibility for the failure of his economic policies, and resigned in 1985 in favour of Mwinyi. He remained an influential figure, able to unite the different groups of the country, regardless of region, ethnic origins, or religion. He died of leukaemia.
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JAN PALMOWSKI. "Nyerere, Julius Kambarage." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JAN PALMOWSKI. "Nyerere, Julius Kambarage." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-NyerereJuliusKambarage.html JAN PALMOWSKI. "Nyerere, Julius Kambarage." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-NyerereJuliusKambarage.html |
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Julius Kambarage Nyerere
Julius Kambarage Nyerere , c.1922–99, African political leader, first president (1964–85) of Tanzania. Educated at Makerere College (Uganda) and the Univ. of Edinburgh, he taught in mission schools and founded (1954) the Tanganyika African National Union. Leader of the opposition (1954–60), he became chief minister after the 1960 elections. When Tanganyika attained independence (1961) he was prime minister and when it became a republic (1962), Nyerere was elected president. He brought Tanganyika and Zanzibar into a union as the republic of Tanzania (1964). Establishing a one-party state led by the Revolutionary Party of Tanzania (CCM), Nyerere authored a policy of African socialism characterized by economic self-reliance, egalitarianism, and local rural development, but it was ultimately unsuccessful economically. He engineered the ouster of Idi Amin in Uganda in 1979. Nyerere retired from the presidency in 1985 but remained chairman of CCM until 1990.
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"Julius Kambarage Nyerere." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Julius Kambarage Nyerere." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Nyerere.html "Julius Kambarage Nyerere." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Nyerere.html |
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Nyerere, Julius Kambarage
Nyerere, Julius Kambarage (1922–99) Tanzanian statesman, first president of Tanzania (1964–85). In 1954, he founded the Tanganyika African National Union. In 1961, Nyerere led Tanganyika to independence. In 1964, he negotiated the union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar that created Tanzania. He established a one-party state. In 1979, Nyerere sent troops into Uganda to destabilize Idi Amin. Under his autocratic but generally benign socialist government, Tanzania made progress in social welfare and education. Economic setbacks led to calls for greater democracy and he was forced to retire.
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Cite this article
"Nyerere, Julius Kambarage." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Nyerere, Julius Kambarage." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-NyerereJuliusKambarage.html "Nyerere, Julius Kambarage." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-NyerereJuliusKambarage.html |
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Nyerere, Julius Kambarage
Nyerere, Julius Kambarage (1922–99) Tanzanian statesman, President of Tanganyika (1962–64) and of Tanzania (1964–85). He was an active campaigner for the nationalist movement in the 1950s, forming the Tanganyika African National Union (1954). He served as Prime Minister of Tanganyika following its independence in 1961 and became President a year later. In 1964 he successfully negotiated a union with Zanzibar and remained President of the new state of Tanzania until his retirement.
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Cite this article
"Nyerere, Julius Kambarage." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Nyerere, Julius Kambarage." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-NyerereJuliusKambarage.html "Nyerere, Julius Kambarage." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-NyerereJuliusKambarage.html |
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