Joseph Warren Stilwell

Joseph Warren Stilwell (1883-1946) was the Army officer in charge of U.S. affairs in China during World War II.

Joseph Stilwell was born on March 19, 1883, at Palatka, Fla. He graduated from the U.S. Military Academy in 1914. During World War I he served with the IV Corps in combat intelligence, winning the Distinguished Service Medal.

In 1919 Stilwell was appointed to study Chinese at the University of California, Berkeley. The following year he sailed for the first of three tours of duty in China. After 1935 he served as military attaché to the Chinese government. Stilwell's work as a tactician and trainer impressed his superiors in Washington.

Following the Japanese assault on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S. War Department, to sustain and strengthen Chinese resistance to the Japanese invaders, ordered Stilwell to improve the Chinese army as chief of staff to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, take command of all United States forces in the China-Burma-India theater, and direct all Chinese forces in Burma (now Myanmar). In April 1942, however, the Japanese defeated Stilwell's forces in Burma and cut off the Burma Road, a Chinese supply line. When the road was finally reopened in 1945, it was named after Stilwell.

Known as "Vinegar Joe" because of his integrity, his refusal to ingratiate himself with others, and the demands he placed on those around him, Stilwell despised Chiang Kaishek and made no effort to conceal it. He recoiled at the administrative paralysis in the wartime Chinese capital. Three times, directly and indirectly, Chiang sought Stilwell's recall. In 1944 Stilwell was to command all Chinese forces, but Chiang managed through President Franklin Roosevelt to force Stilwell's removal from China. Stilwell warned the American government against the Chinese central government, placing more faith in the more efficient Chinese Communists at Yenan. At the time of his death at San Francisco, Calif., on Oct. 12, 1946, Stilwell commanded the 6th Army.

Further Reading

Of interest for its comments on men and events is Theodore White, ed., The Stilwell Papers (1948). The best book on Stilwell is Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45 (1970). Other important studies of Stilwell's wartime experiences in China are Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland, Stilwell's Mission to China (1953) and Stilwell's Command Problems (1956). Books dealing with Stilwell's experiences in Burma are Jack Belden, Retreat with Stilwell (1943), and Fred Eldridge, Wrath in Burma: The Uncensored Story of General Stilwell and International Maneuvers in the Far East (1946). Claire Lee Chennault, Way of a Fighter: The Memoirs, edited by Robert Hotz (1949), contains observations on Stilwell's activities in China.

Additional Sources

The Stilwell papers, New York, N.Y.: Da Capo Press, 1991. □

Stilwell, Joseph (1883–1946), U.S. general in World War II.Graduating from West Point in 1904, Stilwell's first assignment, to the Philippines, began a military career that would be closely associated with Asia, especially China. After service as an intelligence officer during World War I, Stilwell was sent to China—the first of several assignments that eventually included a stint as military attaché (1935–39), when he observed the Sino‐Japanese War.

Highly regarded by Gen. George C. Marshall, Stilwell, who was fluent in Chinese, was appointed U.S. commander of the China‐Burma‐India theater of operations in 1942. Although allotted minimal resources, Stilwell strived to encourage the Nationalist leader, Chiang Kai‐shek, to build an effective military force to counter Japanese advances in China and Burma. Stilwell's relationship with Chiang was strained, given the latter's unwillingness to reform the corrupt and poorly led Chinese armies. Nicknamed “Vinegar Joe” for his blunt manner, Stilwell proved unable to use Chinese troops to halt the 1942 conquest of northern Burma, which cut the only viable land link between China and India. Relying largely on Chinese forces trained by his American staff, he succeeded two years later in recapturing a large part of northern Burma and was promoted to lieutenant general. This campaign eventually paved the way for the reopening of the Burma Road in 1945.

Recalled by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in October 1944 at the behest of Chiang, Stilwell returned to the United States to resume his career in Washington, D.C., as commander of army ground forces. He was slated to command the Tenth Army for the planned invasion of Japan before the surrender of Tokyo in August 1945.

Bibliography

Barbara W. Tuchman , Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945, 1970.
Eric Larrabee , Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War, 1987.

G. Kurt Piehler

Stilwell, Joseph (1883–1946), World War II general.Born in Palatka, Florida, and graduating from West Point in 1904, Joseph Warren Stilwell was assigned first to the Philippines, beginning an army career that would be closely associated with Asia. An intelligence officer during World War I, Stilwell then assumed a series of assignments in China, including U.S. military attaché (1935–1939) during the Sino‐Japanese War. He was promoted to brigadier general in 1939 and general in 1944.

Fluent in Chinese and highly regarded by Army Chief of Staff George Marshall, Stilwell was appointed commander of the China‐Burma‐India theater in 1942. Allotted minimal resources, Stilwell pressed Chinese leader Chiang Kai‐shek to build an effective military force to counter Japanese advances in China and Burma. His relationship with Chiang soured, however, because of his caustic manner (hence his nickname “Vinegar Joe”) and Chiang's unwillingness to reform the corrupt and poorly led Chinese armies. Stilwell proved unable to use Chinese troops to halt the Japanese conquest of northern Burma in 1942, which cut the only viable land link between China and India. Two years later, however, relying largely on American‐trained Chinese troops, he recaptured much of northern Burma, making possible the reopening of the Burma Road, constructed under his supervision.

Recalled to Washington by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in October 1944 at Chiang's behest, Stilwell became commander of army ground forces. He commanded the U.S. Tenth Army in the final stages of the Okinawa campaign (June 1945) and would have led this force in an invasion of Japan had not the Japanese surrendered in August 1945.

Bibliography

Barbara W. Tuchman , Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945, 1970.
Eric Larrabee , Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War, 1987.

G. Kurt Piehler

Stilwell, Joseph (1883–1946) army officer. Born in Florida but raised in New York, Stilwell spent his early years in the army alternately stationed in the Philippines or in California and teaching at the U.S. Military Academy. He served as chief intelligence office of IV Corps in France in 1917 and earned several temporary promotions. After the war, Stilwell learned Chinese, and in the 1920s and 1930s, with some breaks, was stationed in China, where he traveled extensively and became an expert in Chinese affairs; he formed a low opinion of the Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek and his corrupt and inept Kuomintang party. He returned from China in 1929 to head the Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia, where his highly critical manner earned him the nickname “Vinegar Joe.” When the United States entered World War II, Stilwell's outstanding tactical skills won him command of the China-Burma-India theater; Japan soon occupied the British colony of Burma, which Stilwell lacked the forces to defend. He encountered frustrations in his relationship with Gen. Chiang, whose main interest was the civil war between the Chinese Nationalists and the Chinese Communists, and with the British. In 1943 Stilwell's command was broadened when he became deputy commander of the newly created Southeast Asia Command, serving under Lord Louis Mountbatten, with whom he often disagreed. After the retaking of Burma, the Chinese government demanded Stilwell be recalled, and the U.S. government acceded to the demand. In 1945, he returned but took command of the 10th Army in Okinawa. When the war ended, he returned to San Francisco, where he died shortly before his planned retirement in 1946.

Joseph Warren Stilwell 1883–1946, American general, b. Palatka, Fla. Commissioned in the army in 1904, he fought in World War I and later served for 13 years in China. In Feb., 1942, during World War II, he went back to China, where he became (Mar., 1942) Chiang Kai-shek's chief of staff and commander of U.S. troops in the China-Myanmar-India area. Defeated in Myanmar by the Japanese troops, he retreated (May, 1942) through the jungles to India, where he built up forces for the successful counterattack (1943–44) in Myanmar. In Oct., 1944, Stilwell was recalled to the United States because of friction with Chiang. He became (Jan., 1945) chief of Army Ground Forces and commanded the U.S. 10th Army on Okinawa in the final months of the war. A frequently tactless but astute general, he was known as Vinegar Joe. His experiences in Asia are recorded in the Stilwell Papers (ed. by T. H. White, 1948; repr. 1972).

Bibliography: See study by B. Tuchman (1972).

Stilwell, Joseph Warren (1883–1946) US general. Popularly known as “Vinegar Joe” on account of his tactlessness, he served in China between the wars. In World War II, he commanded US and Chinese forces in south China and Burma, cooperating with the British in the BURMA CAMPAIGN. Technically, his authority was by virtue of his appointment as chief-of-staff in this region by CHIANG KAI-SHEK. Differences of opinion with Chiang led to his recall; he later commanded the US 10th Army at Okinawa.