FORD, John

Nationality: American. Born: Sean Aloysius O'Feeney (or John Augustine Feeney) in Cape Elizabeth, Maine, 1 February 1895. Education: Portland High School, Maine; University of Maine, 1913 or 1914 (for three weeks). Military Service: Lieutenant-Commander, U.S. Marine Corps, 1942–45 (wounded at Battle of Midway); in U.S. Naval Reserve, given rank of Admiral by President Nixon. Family: Married Mary McBryde Smith, 1920, one son, one daughter. Career: Joined brother Francis (director for Universal) in Hollywood, 1914; actor, stuntman and special effects man for Universal, 1914–17; assumes name "Jack Ford," 1916; contract director for Universal, 1917–21; signed to Fox Film Corp., 1921; began collaboration with screenwriter Dudley Nichols on Men without Women, 1930; assembled film crew that became Field Photographic Branch of U.S. Office of Strategic Services, 1940. Awards: Oscar for Best Director, and Best Direction Award, New York Film Critics, for The Informer, 1935; Best Direction Award, New York Film Critics, for Stagecoach, 1939; Oscar for Best Director, for Grapes of Wrath, 1940; Oscar for Best Director and Best Direction Award, New York Film Critics, for How Green Was My Valley, 1941; Oscar for Best Documentary, for Battle of Midway, 1942; Legion of Merit and Purple Heart; Annual Award, Directors Guild of America, 1952; Grand Lion Award, Venice Festival, 1971; Lifetime Achievement Award, American Film Institute, 1973. Died: In Palm Desert, California, 31 August 1973.

Films as Director:

1917

The Tornado (+ sc, role); The Trail of Hate (may have been directed by Francis Ford); The Scrapper (+ sc, role); The Soul Herder; Cheyenne's Pal (+ story); Straight Shooting; The Secret Man; A Marked Man (+ story); Bucking Broadway

1918

The Phantom Riders; Wild Woman; Thieves' Gold; The Scarlet Drop (+ story); Hell Bent (+ co-sc); A Woman's Fool; Three Mounted Men

1919

Roped; The Fighting Brothers; A Fight for Love; By Indian Post; The Rustlers; Bare Fists; Gun Law; The Gun Packer (The Gun Pusher); Riders of Vengeance (+ co-sc); The Last Outlaw; The Outcasts of Poker Flat; The Ace of the Saddle; The Rider of the Law; A Gun Fightin' Gentleman (+ co-story); Marked Men

1920

The Prince of Avenue A; The Girl in Number 29; Hitchin' Posts; Just Pals; The Big Punch (+ co-sc)

1921

The Freeze Out; Desperate Trails; Action; Sure Fire; Jackie

1922

The Wallop; Little Miss Smiles; The Village Blacksmith; Silver Wings (Carewe) (d prologue only)

1923

The Face on the Barroom Floor; Three Jumps Ahead (+ sc); Cameo Kirby; North of Hudson Bay; Hoodman Blind

1924

The Iron Horse; Hearts of Oak

1925

Lightnin'; Kentucky Pride; The Fighting Heart; Thank You

1926

The Shamrock Handicap; Three Bad Men; The Blue Eagle

1927

Upstream

1928

Mother Machree; Four Sons; Hangman's House; Napoleon's Barber; Riley the Cop

1929

Strong Boy; Salute; The Black Watch

1930

Men without Women (+ co-story); Born Reckless; Up the River (+ co-sc, uncredited)

1931

Seas Beneath; The Brat; Arrowsmith; Flesh

1933

Pilgrimage; Dr. Bull

1934

The Lost Patrol; The World Moves On; Judge Priest

1935

The Whole Town's Talking; The Informer ; Steamboat round the Bend

1936

The Prisoner of Shark Island; Mary of Scotland; The Plough and the Stars

1937

Wee Willie Winkie; The Hurricane

1938

Four Men and a Prayer; Submarine Patrol

1939

Stagecoach; Drums along the Mohawk; Young Mr. Lincoln

1940

The Grapes of Wrath ; The Long Voyage Home

1941

Tobacco Road; Sex Hygiene; How Green Was My Valley

1942

The Battle of Midway (+ co-ph); Torpedo Squadron

1943

December Seventh (co-d); We Sail at Midnight

1945

They Were Expendable

1946

My Darling Clementine

1947

The Fugitive (+ co-pr)

1948

Fort Apache (+ co-pr); Three Godfathers (+ co-pr)

1949

She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (+ co-pr)

1950

When Willie Comes Marching Home; Wagonmaster (+ co-pr); Rio Grande (+ co-pr)

1951

This Is Korea!

1952

What Price Glory; The Quiet Man (+ co-pr)

1953

The Sun Shines Bright; Mogambo

1955

The Long Gray Line; Mister Roberts (co-d); "Rookie of the Year" (episode for Screen Directors Playhouse TV series); "The Bamboo Cross" (episode for Fireside Theater TV series)

1956

The Searchers

1957

The Wings of Eagles; The Rising of the Moon

1958

The Last Hurrah

1959

Gideon of Scotland Yard (Gideon's Day); Korea; The Horse Soldiers

1960

"The Colter Craven Story" (episode for Wagon Train TV series); Sergeant Rutledge

1961

Two Rode Together

1962

The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance ; "Flashing Spikes" (episode for Alcoa Premiere TV series); How the West Was Won (directed "The Civil War" segment)

1963

Donovan's Reef (+ pr)

1964

Cheyenne Autumn

1965

Young Cassidy (+ co-d)

1966

Seven Women

1970

Chesty: A Tribute to a Legend

Other Films:

1914

Lucille Love, the Girl of Mystery (fifteen-episode serial) (Francis Ford) (role); The Mysterious Rose (Francis Ford) (role)

1915

The Birth of a Nation (Griffith) (role); Three Bad Men and a Girl (Francis Ford) (role); The Hidden City (Francis Ford) (role); The Doorway of Destruction (Francis Ford) (asst d, role); The Broken Coin (twenty-two-episode serial) (Francis Ford) (role)

1916

The Lumber Yard Gang (Francis Ford) (role); Peg o' the Ring (fifteen-episode serial) (Francis Ford and Jacques Jaccard) (role); Chicken-hearted Jim (Francis Ford) (role); The Bandit's Wager (Francis Ford) (role)

1929

Big Time (Kenneth Hawks) (role as himself)

1971

Vietnam! Vietnam! (Beck, for USIA) (exec pr)

Publications

By FORD: books—

John Ford's Stagecoach, edited by Richard Anobile, New York, 1975.

My Darling Clementine, edited by Robert Lyons, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1984.

By FORD: articles—

Interview with Lindsay Anderson, in Sequence (London), New Year issue 1952.

"Rencontre avec John Ford," in Cahiers du Cinéma (Paris), March 1955.

"Poet in an Iron Mask," interview with Michael Barkun, in Filmsand Filming (London), February 1958.

"Ford on Ford," in Cinema (Beverly Hills), July 1964.

"Rencontre avec John Ford," with Axel Madsen, in Cahiers duCinéma (Paris), July 1965.

Interview with Jean Mitry, in Interviews with Film Directors, edited by Andrew Sarris, New York, 1967.

"Our Way West," interview with Burt Kennedy, in Films andFilming (London), October 1969.

"Notes of a Press Attache: John Ford in Paris, 1966," interview with Bertrand Tavernier, in Film Comment (New York), July/August 1994.

On FORD: books—

Mitry, Jean, John Ford, Paris, 1954.

Haudiquet, Philippe, John Ford, Paris, 1966.

Kitses, Jim, Horizons West, London, 1969.

Baxter, John, The Cinema of John Ford, New York, 1971.

French, Warren, Filmguide to The Grapes of Wrath, Bloomington, Indiana, 1973.

McBride, Joseph, and Michael Wilmington, John Ford, London, 1975.

Sarris, Andrew, The John Ford Movie Mystery, London, 1976.

Bogdanovich, Peter, John Ford, Berkeley, 1978.

Ford, Dan, Pappy: The Life of John Ford, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1979.

Sinclair, Andrew, John Ford, New York, 1979.

Anderson, Lindsay, About John Ford, London, 1981.

Caughie, John, editor, Theories of Authorship: A Reader, London, 1981.

Schatz, Thomas, Hollywood Genres: Formulas, Filmmaking, and theStudio System, New York, 1981.

Reed, Joseph W., Three American Originals: John Ford, WilliamFaulkner, Charles Ives, Middletown, Connecticut, 1984.

Gallagher, Tag, John Ford: The Man and His Films, Berkeley, 1986.

Stowell, Peter, John Ford, Boston, 1986.

Buscombe, Ed, editor, The BFI Companion to the Western, London, 1989.

Carey, Harry, Jr., Company of Heroes: My Life as an Actor in the JohnFord Stock Company, Metuchen, New Jersey, 1994.

Darby, William, John Ford's Westerns: A Thematic Analysis, witha Filmography, Jefferson, North Carolina, 1996.

On FORD: articles—

McVay, Douglas, "The Five Worlds of John Ford," in Films andFilming (London), November 1955.

Barkun, Michael, "Notes on the Art of John Ford," in Film Culture (New York), Summer 1962.

Bogdanovich, Peter, "Autumn of John Ford," in Esquire (New York), April 1964.

"John Ford Issue" of Présence du Cinéma (Paris), March 1965.

"John Ford Issue" of Cahiers du Cinéma (Paris), October 1966.

Tavernier, Bertrand, "John Ford à Paris," in Positif (Paris), March 1967.

Beresford, Bruce, "Decline of a Master," in Film (London), Autumn 1969.

Anderson, Lindsay, "John Ford," in Cinema (Beverly Hills), Spring 1971.

"John Ford Issue" of Focus on Film (London), Spring 1971.

"John Ford Issue" of Velvet Light Trap (Madison, Wisconsin), August 1971.

"Special Issue Devoted to John Ford and His Towering Achievement, Stagecoach," in Action (Los Angeles), September/October 1971.

"Ford's Stock Company Issue" of Filmkritik (Munich), January 1972.

Editors of Cahiers du Cinéma, "John Ford's Young Mr. Lincoln," in Screen (London), Autumn 1972.

McBride, J., "Drums along the Mekong: I Love America, I Am Apolitical," in Sight and Sound (London), Autumn 1972.

McBride, J., "Bringing in the Sheaves," in Sight and Sound (London), Winter 1973/74.

Rubin, M., "Ford and Mr. Rogers," in Film Comment (New York), January/February 1974.

"John Ford (1895–1973) Issue" of Anthologie du Cinéma (Paris), March 1975.

Dempsey, M., "John Ford: A Reassessment," in Film Quarterly (Berkeley), Summer 1975.

Gallagher, Tag, "John Ford: Midway. The War Documentaries," in Film Comment (New York), September/October 1975.

Belton, J.R., "Ceremonies of Innocence: Two Films by John Ford," in Velvet Light Trap (Madison), Winter 1975.

Budd, M., "A Home in the Wilderness: Visual Imagery in John Ford's Westerns," in Cinema Journal (Evanston), Fall 1976.

Roth, W., "Where Have You Gone, My Darling Clementine?," in Film Culture (New York), no. 63–64, 1977.

Stowell, H.P., "John Ford's Literary Sources: From Realism to Romance," in Literature/Film Quarterly (Salisbury, Maryland), Spring 1977.

"John Ford Issue" of Wide Angle (Athens, Ohio), vol. 2, no. 4, 1978.

McCarthy, T., "John Ford and Monument Valley," in American Film (Washington, D.C.), May 1978.

Ellis, K., "On the Warpath: John Ford and the Indians," in Journal ofPopular Film (Washington, D.C.), vol. 8, no. 2, 1980.

Combs, Richard, "At Play in the Fields of John Ford," in Sight andSound (London), Spring 1982.

"John Ford Section" of Casablanca (Madrid), January 1983.

Roth, L., "Ritual Brawls in John Ford's Films," in Film Criticism (Meadville, Pennsylvania), Spring 1983.

Bogdanovich, Peter, "Touch of Silence for Mr. Ford," in New York, October 1983.

Schickel, Richard, "Ford Galaxy," in Film Comment (New York), March/April 1984.

Stevens, G., Jr., and Robert Parrish, "Directors at War," in AmericanFilm (Washington, D.C.), July/August 1985.

Gallagher, Tag, "Acting for John Ford," in American Film (Washington, D.C.), March 1986.

Nolley, Ken, "Reconsidering Ford's Military Trilogy," in Literature/Film Quarterly (Salisbury, Maryland), April 1986.

Wood, Robin, "Drums along the Mohawk," in Cine Action! (Toronto), no. 8, 1987.

Nolley, Ken, "Reconsidering The Quiet Man," in Cine Action! (Toronto), no. 9, 1987.

Bernstein, Matthew, "Hollywood's 'Arty Cinema': John Ford's TheLong Voyage Home," in Wide Angle (Athens, Ohio), vol. 10, no. 1, 1988.

Card, James, "The Searchers: by Alan LeMay and John Ford," in Literature/Film Quarterly (Salisbury, Maryland), vol. 16, no. 1, 1988.

Gallagher, Tag, "John Ford's Indians," in Film Comment (New York), September/October 1993.

Eby, Lloyd, "The Man Who Invented Westerns Explored the American Character," in Insight on the News, 20 February 1995.

Manchel, Frank, "Losing and Finding John Ford's Sergeant Rutledge (1960)," in Historical Journal of Film, Radio, and Television (Abingdon, England), vol. 27, no. 2, June 1997.

On FORD: films—

Haggard, Mark, John Ford: Memorial Day 1970, U.S., 1970.

Bogdanovich, Peter, Directed by John Ford, U.S., 1971.

Sanders, Denis, The American West of John Ford, U.K., 1971.

John Ford has no peers in the annals of cinema. This is not to place him above criticism, merely above comparison. His faults were unique, as was his art, which he pursued with a single-minded and single-hearted stubbornness for sixty years and 112 films. Ford grew up with the American cinema. That he should have begun his career as an extra in the Ku Klux Klan sequences of The Birth of a Nation and ended it supervising the documentary Vietnam! Vietnam! conveys the remarkable breadth of his contribution to film, and the narrowness of its concerns.

Ford's subject was his life and his times. Immigrant, Catholic, Republican, he spoke for the generations that created the modern United States between the Civil and Great Wars. Like Walt Whitman, Ford chronicled the society of that half century, expansionist by design, mystical and religious by conviction, hierarchical by agreement; an association of equals within a structure of command, with practical, patriotic, and devout qualities. Ford portrayed the society Whitman celebrated as "something in the doings of man that corresponds with the broadcast doings of night and day."

Mythologizing the armed services and the church as paradigms of structural integrity, Ford adapts their rules to his private world. All may speak in Ford's films, but when divine order is invoked, the faithful fall silent, to fight and die as decreed by a general, a president, or some other member of a God-anointed elite.

In Ford's hierarchy, Native and African Americans share the lowest rung, women the next. Businessmen, uniformly corrupt in his world, hover below the honest and unimaginative citizenry of the United States. Above them are Ford's elite, within which members of the armed forces occupy a privileged position. In authority over them is an officer class of career military men and priests, culminating in a few near-saintly figures of which Abraham Lincoln is the most notable, while over all rules a retributory, partial, and jealous God.

The consistency of Ford's work lies in his fidelity to the morality implicit in this structure. Mary of Scotland's Mary Queen of Scots, the retiring Nathan Brittles in She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, and outgoing mayor Frank Skeffington in The Last Hurrah all face the decline in their powers with a moral strength drawn from a belief in the essential order of their lives. Mary goes triumphantly to the scaffold, affirming Catholicism and the divine right of kings. Duty to his companions of the 7th Cavalry transcending all, Brittles returns to rejoin them in danger. Skeffington prefers to lose rather than succumb to modern vote-getting devices such as television. "I make westerns," Ford announced on one well-publicized occasion. Like most of his generalizations, it was untrue. Only a third of his films are westerns, and of those a number are rural comedies with perfunctory frontier settings: Doctor Bull, Judge Priest, Steamboat round the Bend, The Sun Shines Bright. Many of his family films, like Four Men and a Prayer and Pilgrimage, belong with the stories of military life, of which he made a score. A disciple of the U.S. Navy, from which he retired with the emeritus rank of Rear Admiral, Ford found in its command structure a perfect metaphor for moral order. In They Were Expendable, he chose to falsify every fact of the Pacific War to celebrate the moral superiority of men trained in its rigid disciplines—men who obey, affirm, keep faith.

Acts, not words, convey the truths of men's lives; public affirmations of this dictum dominate Ford's films. Dances and fights signify in their vigor a powerful sense of community; singing and eating and getting drunk together are the great acts of Fordian union. A film like The Searchers, perhaps his masterpiece, makes clear its care for family life and tradition in a series of significant actions that need no words. Ward Bond turns away from the revelation of a woman's love for her brother-in-law, exposed in her reverent handling of his cloak; his turn away is the instinctive act of a natural gentleman. Barred from the family life which his anger and independence make alien to his character, John Wayne clutches his arm in a gesture borrowed from Ford's first star, Harry Carey; in a memorable final image, the door closes on him, a symbol of the rejection of the eternal clan-less wanderer.

Ford spent his filmmaking years in a cloud of critical misunderstanding, with each new film unfavorably compared to earlier works. The Iron Horse established him as an epic westerner in the mold of Raoul Walsh, The Informer as a Langian master of expressionism, the cavalry pictures as Honest John Ford, a New England primitive whose work, in Lindsay Anderson's words, was "unsophisticated and direct." When, in his last decades of work, he returned to reexamine earlier films in a series of revealing remakes, the skeptical saw not a moving reiteration of values but a decline into self-plagiarism. Yet it is The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, in which he deals with the issues raised in Stagecoach, showing his beloved populist west destroyed by law and literacy, that stands today among his most important films.

Belligerent, grandiose, deceitful, and arrogant in real life, Ford seldom let these traits spill over into his films. They express at their best a guarded serenity, a skeptical satisfaction in the beauty of the American landscape, muted always by an understanding of the dangers implicit in the land, and a sense of the responsibility of all men to protect the common heritage. In every Ford film there is a gun behind the door, a conviction behind the joke, a challenge in every toast. Ford belongs in the tradition of American narrative art where telling a story and drawing a moral are twin aspects of public utterance. He saw that we live in history, and that history embodies lessons we must learn. When Fordian man speaks, the audience is meant to listen—and listen all the harder for the restraint and circumspection of the man who speaks. One hears the authentic Fordian voice nowhere more powerfully than in Ward Bond's preamble to the celebrating enlisted men in They Were Expendable as they toast the retirement of a comrade. "I'm not going to make a speech," he states. "I've just got something to say."

—John Baxter

John Ford 1895–1973, American film director, b. Cape Elizabeth, Maine, as John Martin Feeney. Ford began directing in 1917 after an apprenticeship with his brother Francis. Over the next 50 years, he brought a painterly eye, an appreciation of his actors' strengths, and a deep love of Americana to over 200 feature films. Although Ford set films in other parts of the country or world, including several in Ireland, he returned to the Western repeatedly throughout his career. These films merge a beautiful pictorial style, using the buttes and mesas almost as architectural features, with stories that frequently deal with the nature of military command. Among his films are The Iron Horse (1924), The Informer (1935), Stagecoach (1939), The Grapes of Wrath (1940), How Green Was My Valley (1941), Fort Apache (1947), The Quiet Man (1952), The Searchers (1957), and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962). Ford won six Academy Awards. During World War II he served in the U.S. navy and made the acclaimed documentary June 7th (1944).

Bibliography: See biographies by A. Sinclair (1979), S. Eyman (1999), and J. McBride (2001); studies by P. Bogdanovich (1968), J. McBride and M. Wilmington (1974), and T. Gallagher (1986).

Ford, John (1895–1973) US film director. Ford won four Academy Awards for best director: The Informer (1935), The Grapes of Wrath (1940), How Green Was My Valley (1941) and The Quiet Man (1952). A prolific film-maker, he made a significant contribution to the development of the Western. His genre classics include Stagecoach (1939), My Darling Clementine (1946), The Horse Soldiers (1959), and The Searchers (1956).