John Crowe Ransom

John Crowe Ransom (1888-1974), American poet, critic, and agrarian champion, was the center of the "Fugitive" group, of the Southern Agrarians, and of the New Critics.

John Crowe Ransom was born in Pulaski, Tennessee., on April 30, 1888. He received his bachelor of arts degree from Vanderbilt University in 1909. He was appointed a Rhodes scholar and was in residence at Christ Church, Oxford, from 1910 to 1913, earning a bachelor of arts degree. From 1914 to 1937 he was a member of the faculty at Vanderbilt, except for the World War I years, when he was a first lieutenant in the U.S. Army. In 1920 he married Robb Reavell; the couple had three children.

Vanderbilt and the Fugitives

As a young instructor at Vanderbilt, Ransom assembled a group of poets, calling themselves "Fugitives"; he created and edited the magazine for their expression, the Fugitive. They opposed both the traditional sentimentality of Southern writing and the increased pace of life that emerged during the war years and the early 1920s. Ransom's own poetry eventually appeared in the volumes Poems about God (1919), Chills and Fever (1924), Grace after Meat (1924), Two Gentlemen in Bonds (1927), and Selected Poems (1945, 1963). Ransom was much influenced by the ballad poetry of the romantic revival, though he totally altered it by irony and wit. His best-known poems are "Bells for John Whiteside's Daughter," "Captain Carpenter," and "The Equilibrists." He won the Bollingen Prize in 1951 and the National Book Award for his poetry in 1964.

With the beginning of the Great Depression, Ransom joined the intellectual group of southerners, centered on Vanderbilt, who felt that the South could escape the ills of the times by rejecting the technology and financial complexities "imposed" by the North and by returning to ante-bellum agrarianism. Their views found expression in two symposia, I'll Take My Stand (1930) and Who Owns America? (1936).

The Kenyon Years

In 1937 Ransom became Carnegie professor of poetry at Kenyon College and there founded the Kenyon Review, which he edited until his retirement in 1958. He also founded the unit at Kenyon that became the Summer School of Letters at Indiana University. Ransom's leaving Nashville symbolized his achievement of a larger position in American literature. From the 1920s Ransom had mixed in the healthy discussions of criticism going on in the magazines, solidifying his position in God without Thunder (1930), The World's Body (1938), and The New Criticism (1941). He is given credit for applying the term "New Criticism" to the dedicated search for the intrinsic in poetry. In defining "New Criticism," Ransom and his fellow proponents contrasted their theory with romanticism's commitment to self expression and naturalism's deduction from fact as a basis of evaluating art. Instead, the New Critics looked upon art as an object in itself. They did not believe in outside influences such as the circumstances under which the art was created. Ransom's best-known essay on this subject is "Criticism as Pure Speculation," a lecture given at Princeton in 1940. Whether considered poet or critic, Ransom brought much to both fields through his teaching and writing. Ransom died on July 3, 1974 in Gambier, Ohio.

Further Reading

J. L. Stewart, John Crowe Ransom (1962), is the only study of the "whole man." Thomas Daniel Young, ed., John Crowe Ransom: Critical Essays and a Bibliography (1968), discusses Ransom as poet and critic. Ransom as poet is treated in Randall Jarrell, Poetry and the Age (1953). For information about the "Fugitives" see John M. Bradbury, The Fugitives: A Critical Account (1958), and Louise Cowan, The Fugitive Group: A Literary History (1959).

Additional Sources

Young, Thomas John Ransom, Steck, 1971.

Contemporary Authors: New Revision Series, Gale, Volume 34, 1991.

The New York Times, July 4, 1974.

National Review, August 2, 1974. □

Ransom, John Crowe (1888–1974), Tennessee poet, was educated in his native state and as a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford (1913). He was a member of the English department of Vanderbilt University (1914–37) and early became a leader of the Agrarians and an editor of The Fugitive In 1937 he joined the faculty of Kenyon College, where he remained until retiring in 1958. He founded and edited the Kenyon Review, placing stress on the New Criticism more than on the regionalism that he formerly emphasized. His first verse, Poems About God (1919), although not sufficiently valued by him for selection in later volumes, was already marked by the irony that is more accomplished in Chills and Fever (1924). Grace After Meat (1924) is an English selection from these two books, which was followed by Two Gentlemen in Bonds (1927). His balanced judgment of opposites and his portraits of people in his elegies are distinguished by a witty and oblique style. His Selected Poems (1945) was issued in revised, enlarged editions (1963, 1969). His criticism appears in God Without Thunder: An Unorthodox Defense of Orthodoxy (1930), an attack on science as destructive of the old mystery of God, a theme to which he returned in The World's Body (1938), on the failure of science to achieve the body that is in poetry; and he gathered later essays in Beating the Bushes (1972). He contributed to the Agrarian anthology I'll Take My Stand (1930), and later analyzed contemporaries and called for an ontological critic in The New Criticism (1941).

John Crowe Ransom 1888–1974, American poet and critic, b. Pulaski, Tenn., grad. Vanderbilt Univ. and studied at Oxford as a Rhodes scholar. He is considered one of the great stylists of 20th-century American poetry. His verse, elegant and impersonal, is concerned with the breakdown of traditional order and stability in the modern world. His first volume of verse, Poems about God, appeared in 1919. It was followed by Chills and Fever (1924) and Two Gentlemen in Bonds (1926). He taught at Vanderbilt from 1914 to 1937, during which time he (with Allen Tate, Robert Penn Warren, and others) founded and edited the Fugitive (1922–25), a bimonthly literary magazine. One of the so-called new critics, he brought to 20th-century criticism a new respect for poetry as a medium, emphasizing close textual analysis and the importance of a poem as a poem. From 1937 to 1958 he taught at Kenyon College; there he founded the Kenyon Review, a magazine that established him as an influential and controversial critic and editor. In The World's Body (1938) and The New Criticism (1941) he voices his literary theories.

Bibliography: See his Selected Poems (rev. and enl. ed. 1969) and Beating the Bushes: Selected Essays 1941–1970 (1972). See his letters, ed. by T. D. Young (1985); biography by T. D. Young (1976); study by K. Quinlan (1989).

Ransom, John Crowe (1888–1974), American poet and critic, was a professor (1937–58) at Kenyon College, Ohio, where he founded and edited the important Kenyon Review, a scholarly publication committed to the close textual analysis associated with the New Criticism. His critical works include God without Thunder (1930) and The New Criticism (1941). His volumes of verse include Chills and Fever (1924) and Two Gentlemen in Bonds (1927), and he is particularly remembered for his formal, subtle, taut ballad-portraits and elegies, which include ‘Captain Carpenter’ and ‘Bells for John Whiteside's Daughter’.