Jamestown

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Jamestown 1 City (1990 pop. 34,681), Chautauqua co., W N.Y., on Chautauqua Lake; founded c.1806, inc. as a city 1886. It is the business and financial center of a dairy, livestock, and vineyard area. The chief industries are food processing and furniture and machine manufacture. Nearby are Allegany State Park and the Chautauqua Institution, a cultural and recreational center on the lake. Lucille Ball was born in the city.

2 City (1990 pop. 15,571), seat of Stutsman co., SE N.Dak., on the James River, in a farm area; founded 1871 when Fort Seward was established to protect railroad workers, inc. 1896. It is the trade and processing center for an agricultural area where grain and flour are produced and sunflowers and livestock are raised. Processed food, ordnance, and construction materials are manufactured. Jamestown College is in the city. Fort Seward Historic Site and a restored frontier village lie on the outskirts.

3 Former village, SE Va., first permanent English settlement in America; est. May 14, 1607, by the London Company on a marshy peninsula (now an island) in the James River and named for the reigning English monarch, James I. Disease, starvation, and Native American attacks wiped out most of the colony, but the London Company continually sent more men and supplies, and John Smith briefly provided efficient leadership (he returned to England in 1609 for treatment of an injury). After the severe winter of 1609-10 (the "starving time" ), the survivors prepared to return to England but were stopped by the timely arrival of Lord De la Warr with supplies. John Rolfe cultivated the first tobacco there in 1612, introducing a successful source of livelihood; in 1614 he assured peace with the local Native Americans by marrying Pocahontas , daughter of chief Powhatan. In 1619 the first representative government in the New World met at Jamestown, which remained the capital of Virginia throughout the 17th cent. The village was almost entirely destroyed during Bacon's Rebellion ; it was partially rebuilt but fell into decay with the removal of the capital to Williamsburg (1698-1700).

Of the 17th-century settlement, only the old church tower (built c.1639) and a few gravestones were visible when National Park Service excavations began in 1934. Today, most of Jamestown Island is owned by the U.S. government and is included in Colonial National Historical Park (see National Parks and Monuments , table); a small portion comprises the Jamestown National Historic Site, which is owned by the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities. A tercentenary celebration was held in 1907, and in 1957 the Jamestown Festival Park was built to commemorate the 350th anniversary. The park, which was renamed Jamestown Settlement in 1990, contains exhibit pavilions and replicas of the first fort, the three ships that brought the first settlers, and a Native American village. Excavations that began in 1994 finally uncovered the original fort at Jamestown, which had long been believed to have been eroded away by the river.

Bibliography: See report by the Celebration Commission, The 350th Anniversary of Jamestown, 1607-1957 (1958); C. Bridenbaugh, Jamestown, 1544-1699 (1980); D. A. Price, Love and Hate in Jamestown (2003).

Jamestown, capital of Virginia (1607–98), situated on what is now an island but was formerly a peninsula in the James River, about 40 miles above Norfolk. The first permanent English settlement within the boundaries of the present U.S., Jamestown was founded (May 13, 1607) on what may once have been the site of a Spanish colony by some hundred colonists under the command of Sir Christopher Newport. During the winters of 1608 and 1609, the colony was threatened with extinction by disease, starvation, and Indian attacks, and it was preserved only by the leadership of such men as John Smith. Fear of Spanish attack was also almost constant. Newport, Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir George Somers reached Jamestown with 150 colonists (1610), but found conditions so deplorable that they were about to give up the settlement. Lord De la Warr arrived unexpectedly at this juncture, bringing more colonists and supplies, and hope was renewed. In 1611, 650 additional colonists were brought. The rapid expansion of tobacco cultivation soon made the community self‐supporting. An outstanding example of the acceptance of the whites by the Indians is the marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe. America's first legislative assembly was held at Jamestown (1619), and slavery was introduced on this continent that year. Never prosperous, the town had several severe fires, one deliberately set by insurgents in Bacon's Rebellion (1676). Abandoned after Williamsburg became the capital (1699), its ruined buildings were partly restored (c. 1900). Contemporary treatments of early Jamestown include those by Captain John Smith, Richard Rich, and George Sandys, and later historical novels include John Davis, The First Settlers of Virginia (1806), J.E. Cooke, My Lady Pokahontas (1885), and Mary Johnston, To Have and To Hold (1900).

Jamestown. The first permanent English settlement on the North American continent, established in 1607 along the James River in southeastern Virginia, Jamestown was founded by the Virginia Company of London, a joint stock company chartered by King James I in 1606. The original 104 Jamestown colonists sailed from London on three ships, reaching Virginia on 26 April 1607 and founding Jamestown on 13 May. Initially, Jamestown was contained within James Fort, a defensive structure consisting of a substantial wooden palisade of triangular shape. As the town expanded, the original fort fell into ruin. From 1607 until 1699, Jamestown was the capital of the Virginia colony, and Virginia's first representative assembly met there in 1619.

Despite efforts to develop Jamestown as an important urban center, it remained small, sustained only by its governmental functions and by its role as the colony's principal port of entry. Burned during Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, it never fully recovered. In 1699, the capital moved to Middle Plantation, now called Williamsburg. Soon thereafter, Jamestown ceased to exist as a town.

Today the site is owned by the U.S. National Park Service and the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities (APVA). Archaeological excavations by these organizations have uncovered much of the seventeenth‐century town. In 1994, APVA archaeologists discovered the site of the original James Fort, long thought to have been destroyed by shoreline erosion.
See also Colonial Era; Exploration, Conquest, and Discovery, Era of European; Smith, John.

Bibliography

Philip L. Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631), 3 vols., 1986.
James Horn , Adapting to a New World: English Society in the Seventeenth Century Chesapeake, 1994.

Thomas E. Davidson

Jamestown, Australia, Ireland, St Helena, South Africa, USA 1. St Helena: founded as a fort in 1659 and named after Prince James (1633–1701), Duke of York, subsequently King James II^†. It is the capital of the island of St Helena.2. USA (Indiana): named after its founder, James Mattock.3. USA (Rhode Island): settled in 1672 and named after King James II^†.4. USA (New York): named after James Prendergast who bought land here in 1811 and built a mill.5. USA (Virginia): founded in 1607 as the site of the first permanent British settlement in North America, it was named in honour of King James I^†. It is now a historic site.

Jamestown First successful English settlement in America. It was established in 1607 on the James River, Virginia. On the verge of collapse from disease and starvation, it was saved by the leadership of Captain John Smith (1608), and the timely arrival of new supplies and colonists (1610). From 1614 tobacco planting assured the colony's survival.

Jamestown W. Dunb. ‘James's town’. Original name Dumhead, called Jamestown when accommodation was needed for those employed at the Levenbank Works.

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