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Indochina
Indochina Fr. Indochine, former federation of states, SE Asia. It comprised the French colony of Cochin China and the French protectorates of Tonkin , Annam , Laos , and Cambodia (Cochin China, Tonkin, and Annam were later united to form Vietnam ). The capital was Hanoi . The federation formed the easternmost region of the Indochinese peninsula (which it shared with Myanmar, Thailand, and Malaya) and faced E on the South China Sea. The cultures of Indochina were influenced by China and India. The centuries before European intervention saw the growth and decline of the Khmer Empire in Cambodia, the rise and fall of Champa , and the steady expansion of Annam. European penetration began in the 16th cent.; in the 19th-century race for a colonial empire, the French took (1862, 1867) Cochin China as a colony and gained protectorates over Cambodia (1863), Annam (1884), and Tonkin (1884). In 1887 they formed those four states into a union of Indochina, with a governor-general at its head; Laos was added to the union in 1893. In World War II, France was forced to accept Japanese intervention in N Indochina in 1940; the subsequent Japanese move into S Indochina (July, 1941) was viewed by the United States as a threat to the Philippines; it prompted the freezing of all Japanese assets in the United States and precipitated the diplomatic exchanges cut short by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Even before the end of the war, the French announced plans for a federation of Indochina within the French Union, with greater self-government for the various states. The federation was accepted in Cambodia and Laos. Vietnamese nationalists, however, demanded (1945) the complete independence of Annam, Tonkin, and Cochin China as Vietnam, and after Dec., 1946, these regions were plunged into bitter fighting between the French and the extreme nationalists, oftentimes led by Communists. The war in Vietnam dragged on for years, culminating in the French defeat at Dienbienphu . The Geneva Conference in 1954 effectively ended French control of Indochina. |
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"Indochina." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Indochina." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Indochin.html "Indochina." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Indochin.html |
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Indochina
Indochina A French colony from 1887, when the Indochinese Union was formed consisting of Cambodia (a colony since 1884), Annam (a protectorate since 1884), Tonkin (a protectorate since 1884), and Cochin-China (a colony since 1867). To this was added the protectorate of Laos in 1893. The royal houses of Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam (Tonkin and Annam) were retained within a federal system, with the governor-general in Hanoi controlling finance and defence. Cochin-China, with its capital of Saigon, was administered directly by a French prefect. A French educational system was developed and a French university established in Hanoi. Resistance to colonial rule was concentrated in the provinces of Annam and Tonkin, where a host of nationalist movements developed in the 1920s. Still, the Nghe Tinh Revolt (1930–1) in central Vietnam developed relatively independently of these political formations. The peasant rebellion was brutally suppressed, with some 10,000 killed and 50,000 deported.
In September 1940 the Japanese obtained military and commercial concessions from the Vichy administration, with free use of ports and airfields. As a result, though never formally under Japanese occupation, the Japanese military became the prime target of nationalist organizations, led by the Vietminh from 1943. On 9 March 1945 the Japanese ambassador Matsumoto gave Governor-General Decroux an ultimatum, which he ignored. The next day 750 French officials were imprisoned, of whom 400 died. Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam proclaimed themselves independent. On 19 August Ho Chi Minh's forces entered Hanoi, forcing Emperor Bao Dai to abdicate. France recognized the autonomy of the states of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos on 6 March 1946, as part of an Indochinese Federation within the French Union. After the Indochina War, France finally accepted the full independence of Cambodia and Laos, and withdrew completely from Vietnam. |
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JAN PALMOWSKI. "Indochina." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JAN PALMOWSKI. "Indochina." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-Indochina.html JAN PALMOWSKI. "Indochina." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-Indochina.html |
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Indochina
Indochina Peninsula of se Asia, including Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, West Malaysia, and Laos. The name refers more specifically to the former federation of states of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, associated with France within the French Union (1945–54). European penetration of the area began in the 16th century. By the 19th century, France controlled Cochin China, Cambodia, Annam, and Tonkin, which together formed the Union of Indochina in 1887; Laos joined in 1893. At the end of World War I, France announced plans for a federation within the French Union. Cambodia and Laos accepted the federation, but fighting broke out between French troops and Annamese nationalists, who wanted independence for Annam, Tonkin, and Cochin China as Vietnam. The war ended with the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu. French control of Indochina officially ended at the Geneva Conference of 1954.
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"Indochina." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Indochina." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Indochina.html "Indochina." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Indochina.html |
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Indo‐China
Indo‐China, South‐East Asia French Indo‐China Indochina, a term which may have been coined early in the 18th century to describe that part of Asia which had come under the influence of Indian and Chinese culture, comprises Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Malaya, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. See French Indo‐China.
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JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Indo‐China." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Indo‐China." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-IndoChina.html JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Indo‐China." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-IndoChina.html |
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Indochina
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"Indochina." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Indochina." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O63-Indochina.html "Indochina." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. 2001. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O63-Indochina.html |
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Indo-China
Indo-China, see French Indo-China.
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I. C. B. DEAR and M. R. D. FOOT. "Indo-China." The Oxford Companion to World War II. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. I. C. B. DEAR and M. R. D. FOOT. "Indo-China." The Oxford Companion to World War II. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O129-IndoChina.html I. C. B. DEAR and M. R. D. FOOT. "Indo-China." The Oxford Companion to World War II. 2001. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O129-IndoChina.html |
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Indo-China
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•echidna
•Krishna, Mishnah, Ramakrishna
•vintner • prisoner • Pilsner
•Kitchener • Modena • bargainer
•imaginer
•Elinor, Helena
•milliner
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•epiphenomena, phenomena, prolegomena
•alumina, noumena, numina
•determiner
•mariner, submariner
•foreigner • larcener • Porsena
•patina • retina • Pristina
•Herzegovina • breadwinner
•prizewinner
•angina, assigner, china, consignor, decliner, definer, Dinah, diner, diviner, forty-niner, hardliner, incliner, Indo-China, liner, maligner, Medina, miner, minor, mynah, recliner, refiner, Regina, Salina, Shekinah, shiner, signer, South Carolina, Steiner, twiner, vagina, whiner
•headliner • jetliner • airliner
•mainliner • eyeliner • moonshiner
•Landsteiner • Niersteiner
•Liechtensteiner
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"Indo-China." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Indo-China." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-IndoChina.html "Indo-China." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-IndoChina.html |
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