Hannibal

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Hannibal , b. 247 BC, d. 183 or 182 BC Carthaginian general, an implacable and formidable enemy of Rome. Although knowledge of him is based primarily on the reports of his enemies, Hannibal appears to have been both just and merciful. He is renowned for his tactical genius.

Invasion of Italy

From his father, Hamilcar Barca , the defender of Sicily in the First Punic War (see Punic Wars ), he learned to hate Rome. He succeeded as general in Spain on the death of his brother-in-law, Hasdrubal , in 221 BC After consolidating his position for two years, he besieged Rome's ally Saguntum (now Sagunto), which fell eight months later. Carthage supported him, and Rome declared war (the Second Punic War, 218-201 BC).

With a relatively small army of select troops, Hannibal set out to invade Italy by the little-known overland route. He fought his way over the Pyrenees and reached the Rhône River before the Romans could block his crossing, moved up the valley to avoid their army, and crossed the Alps. This crossing of the Alps, with elephants and a full baggage train, is one of the remarkable feats of military history. Which pass he used is unknown; some scholars believe it was the Mont Genèvre or the Little St. Bernard.

He descended into Italy and with his superior cavalry overran the Po valley, winning recruits from the Gallic tribes. A Roman force tried to stop him on the Trebbia, only to be wiped out. In the spring of 217 he crossed the Apennines and marched toward Rome. At Lake Trasimeno he destroyed the main Roman army, but he avoided the strong walls of Rome and moved southward, hoping to stir up a general revolt. In 216 the Romans, having replaced Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus (see under Fabius ), attacked the Carthaginians at Cannae, but by brilliant cavalry tactics Hannibal managed to surround the entire force and cut it to pieces. Most of S Italy then allied itself with him, including the important city of Capua. Insufficiently supported from home, Hannibal could not assail Rome and had to content himself with ravaging and reducing smaller places.

Defeat and Death

Beginning in 212 BC the tide gradually turned against Hannibal. In 211 the Romans retook Capua, despite his rapid march toward Rome to entice them away. In 207 he fought his way for the last time into a position near Rome, but the defeat and death (207) of his brother Hasdrubal on the Metaurus (Metauro) River made his position hopeless, and he withdrew into the mountains of Bruttium. Recalled to Carthage in 203 to check the advance of Scipio Africanus Major in Africa, he was decisively beaten at Zama (202).

After the conclusion of peace (201), Hannibal became (probably in 196) a suffete, or chief magistrate, of Carthage. He reformed the government and reorganized the revenues in order to pay the heavy tribute imposed by Rome. Denounced to the Romans for allegedly intriguing against Rome, he fled (195) to Antiochus III of Syria. He took a small part in Antiochus's war with Rome, and after the Syrian defeat he fled again, this time to Bithynia. About to be delivered to the Romans, he poisoned himself.

Bibliography

See G. P. Baker, Hannibal (1930, repr. 1967); G. De Beer, Hannibal: Challenging Rome's Supremacy (1969); W. J. Jacobs, Hannibal: An African Hero (1973); E. Bradford, Hannibal (1981).

Hannibal (c.247–c.183 bc) Carthaginian general in the second of the Punic Wars, son of Hamilcar Barca. One of the greatest generals of ancient times, in 218 bc he invaded n Italy after crossing the Alps with 40,000 troops and a force of elephants. Hannibal won a series of victories, but was unable to capture Rome. Recalled to Carthage to confront the invasion of Scipio Africanus, he was defeated at Zama (202 bc). After the war, as chief magistrate of Carthage, he alienated the nobility by reducing their power. They sought Roman intervention, and Hannibal fled to the Seleucid kingdom of Antiochus III. Defeated fighting for Antiochus against the Romans, Hannibal committed suicide.

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Hannibal ♂ Name of the Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca (247–182 bc), who led an army from Spain across the Alps and into Italy to attack the Romans. He was eventually defeated by Scipio at the battle of Zama, but not until he had shaken the Roman republic to its core. His name is composed of the Phoenician element hann ‘grace, favour’ + the name of the god Baal ‘lord’. It has recently been made famous by the character of the cannibalistic maniac Hannibal Lecter, created by Thomas Harris in the novels Red Dragon (1981) and its sequels Silence of the Lambs (1988) and Hannibal (1999).

Hannibal (247–182 BC) Carthaginian general. He precipitated the second Punic War by attacking the town of Saguntum in Spain, an ally of Rome. In 218, in a pre-emptive move, he led an army of about 30,000 over the Alps into Italy. There he inflicted a series of defeats on the Romans (see CANNAE), campaigning for 16 years undefeated but failing to take Rome itself. After being recalled to Africa he was defeated at Zama by Scipio Africanus in 202.

Hannibal (247–182 bc), Carthaginian general. In the second Punic War he attacked Italy via the Alps, which he crossed with elephants; he repeatedly defeated the Romans, but failed to take Rome itself. After being recalled to Africa he was defeated at Zama by Scipio Africanus in 202.

See also Hannibal Lecter.

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