Hamburg

Hamburg , officially Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg (Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg), city (1994 pop. 1,702,900), coextensive with, and capital of, Hamburg state (288 sq mi/746 sq km), N Germany, on the Elbe River near its mouth in the North Sea, and on the Alster River. The economic center of Germany and its second largest city, Hamburg is the nation's busiest port and its major industrial city. Manufactures include copper, vegetable and mineral oils, machinery, electrotechnical goods, and cigarettes. Its harbor handles approximately one half of Germany's imports (foodstuffs, tea, coffee, and petroleum) and exports (machinery, processed petroleum, copper, and pharmaceuticals).

Hamburg originated (early 9th cent.) in the Carolingian castle of Hammaburg, probably built by Charlemagne as a defense against the Slavs. It became (834) an archepiscopal see (united in 847 with the archdiocese of Bremen) and a missionary center for northern Europe. The city quickly grew to commercial importance and in 1241 formed an alliance with Lübeck, which later became the basis of the Hanseatic League . Hamburg accepted the Reformation in 1529. In 1558 the first German stock exchange was founded there; with the arrival of Dutch Protestants, Portuguese Jews, and English cloth merchants (expelled from Antwerp), and with the expansion of commercial ties with the United States after 1783, Hamburg continued to prosper.

The city was occupied by the French in 1806 and in 1815 joined the German Confederation . In 1842 a fire destroyed much of the city. After World War I Hamburg was briefly (1918-19) a socialist republic. In 1937 the city ceded Cuxhaven , its outlying port, to Prussia, but incorporated the neighboring towns of Altona , Harburg , and Wandsbek. During World War II (especially in 1943) Hamburg was severely damaged by aerial bombardment, and some 55,000 persons were killed. After the end of the cold war, the city became a transit port for trade with Central Europe and experienced a surge in shipping.

Hamburg today is an elegant, modern city and a cultural center, widely known for its opera, theaters, magazine and book-publishing houses, radio and television broadcasting centers, and film studios. At its center are two lakes, the Binnenalster (Inner Alster) and the Aussenalster (Outer Alster). The St. Pauli district, with its well-known street, the Reeperbahn, includes numerous places of entertainment. Hamburg is the seat of a university (founded 1919), several museums, and medical and technical institutes. There are extensive zoological and botanical gardens. Noteworthy buildings include the baroque St. Michael's Church (1750-62), rebuilt (1907-12) after a fire; the Church of St. Jacobi (begun in the 14th cent.); and the Renaissance-style city hall (1886-97). Felix Mendelssohn and Johannes Brahms were born in the city.

Hamburg City, state, and port on the River Elbe, n Germany. Founded in the 9th century by Charlemagne, it became one of the original members of the Hanseatic League. Severely bombed during World War II, it is now Germany's second largest city. It is a notable cultural centre, with an opera house, art gallery and university (1919). Industries: electronic equipment, brewing, publishing, chemicals. Pop. (1999) 1,701,800.

Hamburg, city important in German theatrical history, since it was there that the first National Theatre was established with Lessing as its accredited dramatic critic and Ekhof as its leading actor under Ackermann. It opened in 1767 and closed two years later. Schröder, leader of Ackermann's company after 1771, made Hamburg a vital theatrical centre where from 1785 Iffland's plays were staged. Schröder's successor took his company in 1827 to a new theatre, now the Staatsoper. A second playhouse, the Thaliatheater, opened in 1843 for the production of popular comedy. In 1905 Jessner took over the theatre where he remained until 1915, introducing plays by Wedekind, Büchner, and Ibsen. The company moved to a new building in 1912, which was destroyed in 1945. Rebuilt in 1960, it reopened with Shaw's Saint Joan, and now competes successfully with the Deutsches Schauspielhaus (opened in 1900), the largest playhouse in West Germany, which was especially successful from 1955 to 1963 under Gründgens. Michael Bogdanov was its Artistic Director, 1989–91, launching 22 productions in the theatre's three spaces in his first season. In addition to the state theatres there are numerous private ones.