Frank Wedekind

The German dramatist, cosmopolite, and libertarian Frank Wedekind (1864-1918) was a foe of middle-class hypocrisy and a moralist eager to reform the world through sexual emancipation.

Frank Wedekind was born Benjamin Franklin Wedekind on July 24, 1864, in Hanover, Germany. He was the son of a German who had emigrated to America, practiced medicine in San Francisco, then returned to his home in Germany. Dissatisfied with Otto von Bismarck's Prussian policy, the elder Wedekind left again and settled in Switzerland, where his son grew up. After working as a freelance journalist, an advertising copywriter, and a secretary for a circus, and spending long sojourns as a painter in England and France, young Wedekind moved to Munich, joining the staff of the satirical magazine Simplizissimus, in which his first political poems appeared. He remained in Munich until his death, occasionally making guest appearances in his own plays, giving public readings, and reciting and singing his ballads in a famous cabaret called Die Elf Scharfrichter (Eleven Executioners).

Wedekind's psychological insight into daydreams, emotions, and conversations among adolescents is reflected in his first successful play, Frühlings Erwachen (1891; The Awakening of Spring). Here he developed his own dramatic style and technique, characterized by many short and loosely connected scenes, calling to mind George Büchner's Wozzek and, in his frank exposure of sexual problems, anticipated many of the later insights of modern depth psychology. Wedekind's next major work was a "monster tragedy" consisting of two parts: Erdgeist (1893; Earth Spirit) and Büchse der Pandora (1906; Pandora's Box). Significantly, its central character, Lulu, the femme fatale, has no second name; indeed, even her first name changes with each suitor. Representing pure instinct, lust, desire, and flesh, she destroys each man who pursues her. It was the final act of part II, set in London and written in English for reasons of censorship, with Lulu as a prostitute supporting her father and her lover Alwa, which won for Wedekind his reputation as an immoralist and pornographic enemy of society.

Of Wedekind's plays, one relatively widely known in the United States is his character study, Der Kammersänger (1897; The Tenor). In a hotel room the hero, the famous tenor Gerardo, receives in turn a number of unwelcome guests: a 16-year-old girl admirer, an old composer anxious to get his opera produced, and finally a married woman who, refused by Gerardo, commits suicide. Der Kammersänger was followed, in 1900, by a full-length play in five acts, Der Marquis von Keith, which deals not with an adventurer in love but with an adventurer of life, a reckless swindler and social climber involved in shady financial dealings.

These five works mark Wedekind's first and most important creative period. After the turn of the century, he became more and more autobiographical, feeling an urge to "explain" himself and his work and to defend his ideas against the attacks leveled against him from all sides. Among the plays of this period are Karl Hetman der Zwergriese (1900; Hidalla) and König Nicolo oder So ist das Leben (1905; Such Is Life). These years were marked by critical abuse, censorship (he once spent 6 months in jail for le‧se majesté), and difficulties with his publishers.

After the publication of Nicolo, Wedekind's dramatic art deteriorated. Totentanz (1905; The Dance of Death) and Schloss Wetterstein (1910; Hunted by Every Hound) both deal with prostitution, while Zensur (1907; Censorship) is purely autobiographical. His last play, Bismarck (1916), is hopelessly dull and undramatic.

Wedekind is also remembered for his short, pointed tales, reminiscent of Heinrich von Kleist and Guy de Maupassant. Here again, as in his dramas, his theme is love and eros. One of the best prose tales in modern German literature is his story Der Brand von Egliswyl (1905; The Fire of Egliswyl), which reveals his psychological insight into the relationship between arson and sexual anxiety. And he was a master, as well, of slightly frivolous, mocking, flirtatious love songs and ballads, some of which call to mind Heinrich Heine. Wedekind died in Munich on March 9, 1918.

Further Reading

The first full-length study in English of Wedekind is Sol Gittleman, Frank Wedekind (1969). It has a useful chronology and a selective bibliography. Wedekind's dramas are analyzed at length in Alex Natan, ed., German Men of Letters, vol.2 (1963). A brief introduction is in Hugh Garten, Modern German Drama (1962).

Additional Sources

Best, Alan D., Frank Wedekind, London: Wolff, 1975. □

Wedekind, Frank [ Benjamin Franklin] (1864–1918), German dramatist and actor, who first appeared in cabaret, singing his own songs, and later acted in his own plays with his young wife. The first of these was Die junge Welt (written in 1889, prod. 1908); the best known is Frühlings Erwachen, written in 1891, which harks back to Büchner in its staccato structure and intensified realism, but looks forward to Expressionism and Symbolism in its grave-yard and schoolroom scenes in which it analyses the situation of two 14-year-old lovers who pay with their lives for the moral dishonesty of their tyrannical parents. It was produced by Reinhardt at the Berlin Kammerspiele in 1906, but its frank depiction of the results of sexual repression prevented its public performance in England until 1963, when as Spring Awakening it was seen at the Royal Court Theatre. In 1974 a new translation by Edward Bond, produced by the National Theatre (NY, 1978), proved that though dated the play still retained its hold. Two of Wedekind's later plays, Erdgeist (written in 1893, staged in 1902) and Die Büchse der Pandora (written in 1894, staged 1905), served to reinforce his main thesis—that the repression of sexuality results in perversion and tragedy. As Lulu the two plays were staged in London and New York in 1970. Among Wedekind's other plays, Der Marquis von Keith (1901) was revived by Jessner in a famous Expressionist production in 1920, and was seen at the Schillertheater in Berlin in 1963. It was not seen in London until 1974 (NY, 1979). Other plays sometimes revived are König Nicolò; oder, So ist das Leben (1902) and Schloβ Wetterstein, first produced in 1917 with Elisabeth Bergner playing opposite the author. All Wedekind's plays, with their sex-ridden men, women, and children, their gentlemen crooks, and their grotesque yet vivid cranks, typify the feverish spirit of the years before 1914.

Frank Wedekind , 1864-1918, German dramatist. He was also a journalist and publicist, and he worked on the staff of Simplicissimus. A forerunner of the expressionists, he employed grotesque fantasy and unconventional characters in order to attack the bourgeois ideals and hypocrisy of his society. Wedekind was particularly concerned with sexual themes, stressing the primacy of man's instincts. His plays include Frühlings Erwachen (1891, tr. The Awakening of Spring, 1909), Der Erdgeist (1895, tr. Earth Spirit, 1914), and Die Büchse der Pandora (1903, tr. Pandora's Box, 1918). Alban Berg compiled the libretto for his opera Lulu (1934) from the latter two.

Bibliography: See study by S. Gittleman (1969, repr. 1980).

Wedekind, (Benjamin) Frank(lin) (b Hanover, 1864; d Munich, 1918). Ger. playwright and musician. Two of his plays, Der Erdgeist (Earth Spirit) 1895 and Die Büchse der Pandora (Pandora's Box) 1902, were adapted by Berg as lib. for his opera Lulu. Wrote songs with lute acc. His sister Erika (1869–1944) was leading sop. at Dresden Opera 1894–1909.

Wedekind, Frank ( Benjamin Franklin) (1864–1918) German dramatist whose use of theatre anticipated that of expressionism and influenced Brecht. His plays include Spring Awakening (1906) and Lulu, which appeared in two parts: Earth-Spirit (1902) and Pandora's Box (1905).