ZIEGFELD, FLORENZ 1867-1932

Broadway producer

A Showman

The son of Dr. Florenz Ziegfeld, who had founded the Chicago Musical College in 1867, Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. was born in Chicago on 21 March 1867. In 1892, hoping to capitalize on the crowds that would be coming to the city for the Columbian Exposition of 1893, Dr. Ziegfeld set up a nightclub in Chicago and sent his twenty-five-year-old son to Europe and New York to find talent. The young scout brought back a Hungarian band, Russian dancers, and the Great Sandow, a German strongman who lifted people and pianos. Sandow was a hit, and Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. made $250,000 by managing Sandow's touring act over the next three years. When public fascination with Sandow faded, Ziegfeld moved to New York, where he managed the career of comedian Lew Weber. In 1896 he found a new client, and a wife: Anna Held, a Polishborn singer who was performing in Paris when Ziegfeld discovered her. Ziegfeld told American reporters that Held bathed daily in milk for her complexion and had won auto races in France; he draped her in diamonds and $20,000 gowns. He believed that money spent on promotion would come back in ticket sales—a philosophy that he maintained for the rest of his career.

The Birth of the Follies.

In several of the shows he produced for Anna Held, Ziegfeld surrounded the petite actress with tall, beautiful chorus girls, creating a sensational effect. Ziegfeld liked the format, which Held compared to the Parisian Folies-Bergère, and the first Ziegfeld Follies premiered in New York City on 8 July 1907. The formula for these shows remained essentially the same for the next twenty-five years: singing, dancing, comedy, and, most of all, beautiful women in big production numbers with elaborate sets and choreography. The "Ziegfeld Girls" became his trademark: while other musical revues of that time used chorus lines of about a dozen dancers, Ziegfeld featured more than a hundred, all tall and exquisitely dressed. The first Ziegfeld Follies produced a profit of $120,000. The next year singer Nora Bayes's hit song "Shine On, Harvest Moon" drew audiences. In 1910 Ziegfeld hired two comedians, African American comic Bert Williams, a veteran of minstrel shows and vaudeville, and a young singer named Fanny Brice, whose act was based on Yiddish humor. One of several beauties added to the show in 1909 was singer Lillian Lorraine, the cause of Ziegfeld's divorce in 1912. He remarried in 1914—not to Lorraine but to the popular dramatic actress Billie Burke, with whom he had a daughter, Patricia, two years later.

The Follies Flourish

In 1913 the Follies moved into the New Amsterdam Theater. On its top floor Ziegfeld built a posh nightclub, where he staged a smaller show called the Midnight Frolics. There, in front of patrons such as William Randolph Hearst and Diamond Jim Brady, new talents tried out their acts. Among them were rope-twirling humorist Will Rogers, who made his Follies debut in 1916, and singer-comedian Eddie Cantor, who joined the Follies in 1917. Together with Fanny Brice and W. C. Fields (who had debuted in 1915 as a juggling comedian), these comics added a crucial extra dimension to the beautiful-girls show. Sets designed by Austrian painter and architect Joseph Urban grew ever grander. Songwriters Jerome Kern and Irving Berlin began composing for the show in 1911; "A Pretty Girl is Like a Melody," a tune Berlin wrote for the 1919 Follies, became the Ziegfeld theme song.

Other Shows

During the 1910s and 1920s Ziegfeld mounted more than three dozen Broadway shows in addition to his Follies. Mostly musical comedies, they included The Century Girl (1916), with a score by Victor Herbert; Miss 1917, starring Irene Castle, with songs by Jerome Kern and Victor Herbert; Kid Boots (1924), starring Eddie Cantor; and Rio Rita (1927), featuring a score by George Gershwin. Rio Rita opened the new Ziegfeld Theatre, which in December 1927 was the scene of Ziegfeld's greatest triumph: his production of Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II's new musical, Show Boat. More musicals followed: The Three Musketeers, Rosalie, and Whoopie in 1928; Show Girl (1929), starring Ruby Keeler; and Smiles (1930), featuring brother-and-sister dance team Fred and Adele Astaire.

The Showman Stumbles

Though many of these musicals were box-office hits, the Follies began to flounder in the mid 1920s as its stars deserted Broadway for Hollywood. By the end of the 1920s Ziegfeld was in financial trouble. Though his longtime gambling habit and his general extravagance were partly to blame, the price of producing the lavish Follies had risen dramatically. Staging the 1927 show cost nearly $300,000, not counting headliners' salaries of up to $5,000 a week. After Ziegfeld suffered a major loss in the stock market crash of 1929, Billie Burke gave him $500,000 of her own savings, but he spent it quickly. In early 1932 he produced a radio version of the Follies and mounted a revival of Show Boat starring Paul Robeson. Impressed by the success of a film version of Whoopie, he considered going into the movie business. But he was sick from worry. Burke took him to California, where she was filming a movie, for a rest. When he died there of a heart attack on 22 July 1932, he was $500,000 in debt. Burke worked to repay the debt and to keep his name in the public eye, continuing (with backing from the Shuberts) to produce the Follies for more than a decade. M-G-M made three movies about Ziegfeld's life and work: The Great Ziegfeld (1936); The Ziegfeld Girl, starring Judy Garland (1941); and Ziegfeld Follies (1945).

Sources:

Randolph Carter, The World of Flo Ziegfeld (New York: Praeger, 1974);

Marjorie Farnsworth, The Ziegfeld Follies (New York: Bonanza Books, 1956);

Richard and Paulette Ziegfeld, The Ziegfeld Touch: The Life and Times of Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. (New York: Abrams, 1993).

Florenz Ziegfeld

Florenz Ziegfeld (1869-1932) developed the American musical revue and became a dominant force in musical theater in the early 20th century.

Florenz Ziegfeld was born in Chicago, III., on March 21, 1869. His father was a German musician of the old school who eventually became president of the Chicago Musical College. Young "Flo" found this dignified life too quiet. In his first venture into show business he managed Sandow, the strong man of the World's Columbian Exposition, in 1893. He next turned to theatrical management. In London in the 1890s he met the French beauty Anna Held and placed her under contract. Recognizing the American public's insatiable urge to know about the private lives of stars, he promoted Held into national attention with press releases describing her milk baths. He married her in 1897; they were divorced in 1913.

Ziegfeld's early musical productions enjoyed modest success; more important, he was perfecting his style. In 1906 The Parisian Model featured the beautiful girls and intricate though precise musical numbers that made him famous. That summer he visited Paris, and the Folies-Berge‧re became the model for his annual Ziegfeld Follies. Recognizing that the risqué elements of the Folies would be unacceptable in the United States, Ziegfeld substituted more displays of beautiful girls.

Few realized the future of the Ziegfeld Follies when it first opened in July 1907. Presented on the New York Theater roof, the Follies was an immediate success, and in September Ziegfeld moved it indoors. By 1910 others were beginning to copy his format, but no other revues had the precision, discipline, and homogeneity of the Ziegfeld Follies.

In 1915 Ziegfeld added an important element when he hired Joseph Urban as designer. Urban's sense of spectacle was perfectly suited to the Ziegfeld idea—beautiful girls, intricate numbers, lavish and artistic design. The Ziegfeld pattern was completed with stars: Fannie Brice, Marilyn Miller, Bert Williams, W. C. Fields, Eddie Cantor, Gilda Grey, Gallagher and Shean, and Will Rogers were under contract at one time or another. Ziegfeld had a sharp eye for talent. The first Follies had cost only $13,000 to produce; the preproduction costs of the 1927 Follies totaled nearly $300,000.

While continuing the Follies, Ziegfeld returned to musical comedy in 1920. Among his hits were Sally (1920), Show Boat and Rio Rita (both 1927), and Bitter Sweet (1929). Ziegfeld abandoned the Follies in 1927; by the time he returned to it in 1931, the magic was gone. He had lost some of his touch, and the mood of the country, deep in the Great Depression, had changed. He died on July 22, 1932, in Hollywood, Calif.

Further Reading

No definitive work on Ziegfeld has appeared, but Cecil Smith, Musical Comedy in America (1950), contains information about his career.

Additional Sources

Ziegfeld, Richard E., The Ziegfeld touch: the life and times of Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr., New York: H.N. Abrams, 1993. □

Ziegfeld, Florenz (1867–1932), American theatre manager, producer, and showman, who perfected the American form of revue in the Follies, which began in 1907 and continued almost annually until his death, being seen intermittently thereafter until 1957; ‘Ziegfeld’ was added to the title in 1911. Ziegfeld based his show on that of the Folies-Bergère in Paris, with the emphasis on scenic splendour, comic sketches, vaudeville specialities, and beautiful girls, many of whom later became film stars. He was also responsible for fostering the talents of such light entertainers as Fanny Brice, W. C. Fields, Eddie Cantor, and Bert Williams, and many famous foreign artistes appeared in New York under his management, including Maurice Chevalier. Among the many musicals he presented the best was Kern and Hammerstein's Show Boat (1927 and 1932); others were Sally (1920), Rio Rita (1927), Whoopee (1928), and Coward's Bitter Sweet (1929). He also presented straight plays. His shows were seen mainly at the New Amsterdam theatres and Ziegfeld theatres.

Florenz Ziegfeld , 1869-1932, American theatrical producer, b. Chicago. In 1907 he first produced the Ziegfeld Follies, for 24 years an annual revue famous for its extraordinarily elaborate staging, variety of performers, and chorus of beautiful women. Anna Held , Billie Burke, Fannie Brice, Eddie Cantor, Will Rogers, and W. C. Fields were among his stars. His other spectacular productions included Sally, Rio Rita, Rosalie, Show Boat, and Bitter Sweet. He was married to Anna Held from 1897 to 1913 and in 1914 married Billie Burke.

Bibliography: See M. Farnsworth, The Ziegfeld Follies (1956).