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Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary A dual monarchy since 1867, the two countries had complete control over their own internal affairs, but were linked by a ministerial council responsible for common affairs (e.g. defence), and by the house of Habsburg, whose head was simultaneously Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (Francis Ferdinand I, r. 1848–1916; Charles I, r. 1916–18). The internal set-up was complicated by the vast size of the two kingdoms, which included a host of distinctive nationalities who became increasingly assertive. This question was not addressed in either country, since it was held that even small concessions to nationalist movements would encourage them and lead to the disintegration of the Empire. In the Austrian part, legislators hoped to compensate for this through a liberal economic and social policy designed to achieve economic prosperity and satisfaction with the state. In fact, however, this added social polarization to national fragmentation, and led to the eclipse of the Liberals by the Social Democrats and by the Christian Socialists under the anti-Semitic Lueger. Hungary was largely unaffected by structural economic change before 1914, so that the social polarization did not occur. However, whereas the problem of nationality was simply not addressed in Austria, it was made much worse in Hungary through a policy of ‘Magyarization’, i.e. enforcing Hungarian culture and language upon other peoples.
Both parts, therefore, had developed a political and constitutional paralysis, compounded by administrative chaos. World War I proved to be an illusory escape, and the Empire imploded in 1918. True to US President Wilson's Fourteen Points, an attempt was made in the Treaty of St Germain to enable each nationality to become a viable nation-state. This led to the emergence of Czechoslovakia, Romania, and ultimately Yugoslavia. In addition, many Poles were included in Poland, while the Trentino and South Tirol became part of Italy. The rump states of Hungary and Austria survived, though their small size encouraged large-scale resentment and the rise of Fascism in subsequent years. |
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JAN PALMOWSKI. "Austria-Hungary." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 29 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JAN PALMOWSKI. "Austria-Hungary." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (May 29, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-AustriaHungary.html JAN PALMOWSKI. "Austria-Hungary." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Retrieved May 29, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-AustriaHungary.html |
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Ferdinand
Ferdinand 1793–1875, emperor of Austria (1835–48), son and successor of Emperor Francis I (who also, as Francis II, had been the last Holy Roman emperor). A well-meaning monarch in his lucid moments, he was subject to fits of insanity. A council of state that included Metternich governed in his name. After revolution broke out in Vienna in 1848 the emperor promulgated (April) a constitution, but it failed to satisfy the revolutionists. He fled from Vienna in May and—after the recapture of Vienna by Windischgrätz—was persuaded by Felix zu Schwarzenberg to abdicate (Dec. 2, 1848) in favor of his nephew, Francis Joseph. |
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"Ferdinand." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 29 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Ferdinand." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 29, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-FerdiAus.html "Ferdinand." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 29, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-FerdiAus.html |
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Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary (or Austro-Hungarian Empire) The ‘Dual Monarchy’, established by the Austrian emperor Francis Joseph after Austria's defeat by Prussia in 1866 in which Austria and Hungary became autonomous states under a common sovereign. The dualist system came under increasing pressure from the other subject nations, including Croatians, Serbs, Slovaks, Romanians, and Czechs, and failure to resolve these nationalistic aspirations was one of the causes of World War I. After their victory the Allies gave support to the emergent nations, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire was dissolved by the Versailles peace settlement (1919).
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"Austria-Hungary." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 29 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Austria-Hungary." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (May 29, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-AustriaHungary.html "Austria-Hungary." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Retrieved May 29, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-AustriaHungary.html |
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Ferdinand III, Emperor of Austria
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MICHAEL KENNEDY and JOYCE BOURNE. "Ferdinand III, Emperor of Austria." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 29 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. MICHAEL KENNEDY and JOYCE BOURNE. "Ferdinand III, Emperor of Austria." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (May 29, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O76-FerdinandIIIEmperorofAstr.html MICHAEL KENNEDY and JOYCE BOURNE. "Ferdinand III, Emperor of Austria." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. 1996. Retrieved May 29, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O76-FerdinandIIIEmperorofAstr.html |
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