Ezekiel

Ezekiel (active 6th century B.C.) was a Hebrew priest and prophet. He held that each man is responsible for his own acts.

Little is known about Ezekiel's personal life. The son of Buzi, he was apparently a descendant of the priestly family of Zadok. While in Jerusalem, he had been influenced by his older contemporary Jeremiah. Ezekiel was exiled to Babylonia with King Jehoiachin in 597 B.C. or shortly thereafter. Five years later he lived in the Babylonian Jewish settlement of Tel Aviv (Tel Abubu, the hill of the storm god) by the Chebar River. It was there that he received his call to prophecy in a mystical vision (Ezekiel 8:1 ff). Josephus speaks of Ezekiel as having been young at the time of his exile, but that is probably not correct. Ezekiel demonstrated the kind of precise knowledge of the Temple and its ritual that could be acquired only from personal and active participation as a priest in the Temple worship.

For 22 years Ezekiel continued his ministry. In his early period as a prophet, he denounced his people for their sins and corruption. After the destruction of Jerusalem in 586, however, Ezekiel became the consoler and comforter of the exiles, holding out to them the promise of return to the homeland and the restoration of the Temple and of the throne of David. Ezekiel's loftiest vision, that of the Valley of Dry Bones (37:1-14), has rarely been matched in its grandeur. It is the prophet's response to the despair of the exiles, and it has become a powerful symbol of hope, resurrection, and regeneration.

In the early days of his ministry, Ezekiel found it difficult to impress his doctrines upon his people. Later, particularly after the destruction of Jerusalem, they recognized him as their spiritual leader, and they turned to him for counsel in their religious dilemmas and perplexities. The community elders evidently assembled in his home for instruction and guidance (8:1 ff, 14:1 ff), and it is possible that the institution of the synagogue grew out of these gatherings. One of the primary religious issues raised in these meetings was the problem of God's justice. The exiles thought they were sinless and should not have to suffer for the sins of their ancestors. In his reply Ezekiel laid down a vital principle in Judaism. Before Ezekiel, Jeremiah had asserted that children are not answerable for their parents' sins. Ezekiel proclaimed a new doctrine, which represents an ethical advance. The individual alone, he said, bears responsibility for his deeds. The belief "If the fathers have eaten sour grapes, the children's teeth should be set on edge" (18:2) is no longer tenable. The truth is that "the soul that sinneth, it shall die" (18:4). In other words, one is not liable for another's actions, and the innocent cannot be held liable for the guilty; each one, moreover, must atone for his own sins. This idea was a powerful motivation for ethical living.

Ezekiel speaks of an attack of "Gog of the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal" (38:2), who is to lead an armed horde of nations from the north against Israel before the inauguration of God's sovereignty. This idiom is obscure and has never been adequately explained. Gog is often mentioned in the apocalyptic works; it is to be found also in the Dead Sea Scrolls. In rabbinic works the wars of Gog and Magog are to precede the coming of the Messiah.

Ezekiel was the only Hebrew prophet who ministered to his people outside the Holy Land. He is unique in his frequent use of the term "son of man" as the manner of the divine address. Unlike other Hebrew prophets, who placed the ethical above the ritual, Ezekiel fused the two elements, thereby reflecting his dual role as a pious priest and inspired prophet.

Further Reading

H. H. Rowley, Book of Ezekiel in Modern Study (1953), and H. L. Ellison, Ezekiel: The Man and His Message (1956), are recommended. □

Ezekiel The third of the three major OTprophets. A younger contemporary of Jeremiah, and influenced by him, Ezekiel was a priest (Ezek. 1: 3) and a prophet (11: 4) of the Exile. According to 1: 1–3 Ezekiel was among the first group of Jews to be deported to Babylon, in 597 BCE; but there are reasons for supposing this to be an editorial note and that Ezekiel's message to Judah was delivered on the spot and not from distant Babylon. Ezekiel is remarkably well in formed about conditions in Judah and his sermons are addressed to people living there. Some scholars have proposed that Ezekiel did go to Babylonia but returned to Jerusalem to preach doom on the city until its capture in 586 BCE, when, as is suggested, he was again taken captive and carried a second time to Babylon.

Alternatively, it is argued that Ezekiel remained in Jerusalem for the greater part of his prophetic career but perhaps went to Babylon in 586, or—a modification of this theory—that he remained throughout in Judah but sections which appear to derive from a Babylonian exile can be attributed to a later editor. Thus, while the historical context of the prophet is clear, the structure of the book is complicated.

Some of Ezekiel's prophetic acts were regarded as bizarre or at least strange by his contemporaries: he ate a scroll (3: 1–3); in front of a rough drawing of Jerusalem under siege, he lay for 390 days on his left side bearing the punishment of Israel and forty days on his right side for the punishment of Judah; he shaved his head and face and weighed the hair, which he then divided into three to symbolize how the population would suffer in three ways. He was afflicted with dumbness for much of the time before 586 BCE. When his wife died suddenly, he refused to mourn as custom dictated, in order to bring home his message of theeven more tragic coming destruction of the Temple (Ezek. 24: 15–18). Some commentators detect evidence of mental illness; but his prophetic actions are in the tradition of Elijah and Elisha.

Ezekiel regarded the nation's history from the Exodus onwards as a story of disobedience (20: 1–18) but, when Jerusalem had been destroyed and his words vindicated, he could turn to hopes for the future. God takes no pleasure in the death of the wicked and wants to restore to life even those in exile (33: 11–20). So he can predict the future restoration of his people in their own country. There would be peace and security, and the Lord would return to the sanctuary (43: 4–7) from which he had once departed (10: 18 and 11: 23). The God of Ezekiel is wholly transcendent, and acts as he thinks fit (Ezek. 36: 22) to produce a people transformed (36: 26). Nevertheless, they are required to respond to God's grace; individuals are responsible and free. Nobody in the OT more passionately asserts the reality of this responsibility (18: 20).

Ezekiel , prophetic book of the Bible. The book is a collection of oracles emanating from the career of the priest Ezekiel, who preached to Jews of the Babylonian captivity from 593 BC to 563 BC (according to the chronology given in the book itself in chapters 1 and 2). The book pivots on the fall of Jerusalem (586 BC). The book begins with oracles of warning. These chapters include Ezekiel's symbolic actions, his indictment of Judah and Israel, the abomination in the Jerusalem Temple, and the vision of the chariot-throne, which is significant for later Jewish mysticism. Next are oracles against foreign nations, chiefly Tyre and Egypt, and oracles of restoration. These include the dissipation of the threat from Gog and Magog, and the vision of the restored Temple in the midst of a sanctified land. The glory of God, which deserted the Temple in chapter 10, returns in chapter 43.

Bibliography: See studies by W. Eichrodt (1970) and J. Blenkinsopp (1990).

Ezekiel. Hebrew prophet of the 6th cent. BCE and name of a prophetical book of the Hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testament. Ezekiel is the last of the three ‘major prophets’, after Isaiah and Jeremiah. As well as fears about mystical speculation, the book caused embarrassment because of the contradiction between chs. 40–8 and the laws of the Pentateuch, as well as the fierce diatribes against Jerusalem in ch. 16. The Talmud (B.Ḥag 13a) records that the book was almost suppressed.

Ezekiel ♂ Biblical name, pronounced ‘iz-ee-kee-el’: meaning ‘God strengthens’ in Hebrew. This was borne by one of the major prophets. The book of the Bible that bears his name is known for its vision of a field of dry bones, which Ezekiel prophesies will live again (chapter 37). His prophecies were addressed to the Jews in Babylonian exile, after Nebuchadnezzar had seized Jerusalem in 597 bc.

Short form: Zeke.

Ezekiel Old Testament prophet who was among the Jews deported during the Babylonian Captivity. He is traditionally considered the author of the Old Testament Book of Ezekiel. He was the third and last of the ‘greater’ Old Testament prophets, the successor of Isaiah and Jeremiah.

Ezekiel a Hebrew prophet of the 6th century bc who prophesied the forthcoming destruction of Jerusalem and the Jewish nation and inspired hope for the future well-being of a restored state. Also, a book of the Bible containing his prophecies.

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