Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism and Letters
The Oxford Companion to American Literature
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1995
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| © The Oxford Companion to American Literature 1995, originally published by Oxford University Press 1995. (Hide copyright information)
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Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism and Letters, created as a result of Joseph Pulitzer's bequest of $2,000,000 to found the Columbia University School of Journalism, with the income from $500,000 of that sum to be devoted to annual prizes “for the encouragement of public service, public morals, American literature, and the advancement of education.” Pulitzer's will established four categories of American literature: novel, play, U.S. history, and American biography. The will empowered an Advisory Board, which was retitled the Pulitzer Prize Board (1979), to alter these categories or to create new ones. Its annually appointed juries for each of the categories make their nominations to the Advisory Board, which may accept or reject them or even substitute its own choices. The Advisory Board (until 1950 associated with the School of Journalism) passes its nominations to the Board of Trustees of Columbia University (in 1975 the Trustees delegated their power to the University president), which can accept or reject nominations but cannot make substitutions. The Advisory Board has the power to withhold awards if nominees do not meet its unpublished criteria. Prizes for novels, plays, U.S. history, and American biography were established in 1917, but that year no works were judged acceptable in the first two categories. Prizes for poetry were first established for the year 1922, but Columbia University gave its approval to prizes granted in 1918 and 1919 by the Poetry Society of America. With the powers granted to it, the Advisory Board in 1947 redefined the award for novels to “fiction in book form” so that it might select for the award of 1948 a work comprising short stories. In 1962 it created a new category: general nonfiction. The dollar value of the prizes has varied over the years but is currently $3000. Pulitzer Prize novels, since 1947, “fiction in book form”: No award 1918— Ernest Poole, His Family1919— Booth Tarkington, The Magnificent Ambersons1920—No award 1921— Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence1922—Booth Tarkington, Alice Adams1923— Willa Cather, One of Ours1924— Margaret Wilson, The Able McLaughlins1925— Edna Ferber, So Big1926— Sinclair Lewis, Arrowsmith (declined) 1927— Louis Bromfield, Early Autumn1928— Thornton Wilder, The Bridge of San Luis Rey1929— Julia Peterkin, Scarlet Sister Mary1930— Oliver La Farge, Laughing Boy1931— Margaret Ayer Barnes, Years of Grace1932— Pearl Buck, The Good Earth1933— T.S. Stribling, The Store1934— Caroline Miller, Lamb in His Bosom1935— Josephine Johnson, Now in November1936— H.L. Davis, Honey in the Horn1937— Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind1938— J.P. Marquand, The Late George Apley1939— Marjorie K. Rawlings, The Yearling1940— John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath1941—No award 1942— Ellen Glasgow, In This Our Life1943— Upton Sinclair, Dragon's Teeth1944— Martin Flavin, Journey in the Dark1945— John Hersey, A Bell for Adano1946—No award 1947— Robert Penn Warren, All the King's Men1948— James A. Michener, Tales of the South Pacific1949— James Gould Cozzens, Guard of Honor1950— A.B. Guthrie, The Way West1951— Conrad Richter, The Town1952— Herman Wouk, The Caine Mutiny1953— Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea1954—No award 1955— William Faulkner, A Fable1956— MacKinlay Kantor, Andersonville1957—No award 1958— James Agee, A Death in the Family1959— Robert Lewis Taylor, The Travels of Jamie McPheeters1960— Allen Drury, Advise and Consent1961— Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird1962— Edwin O'Connor, The Edge of Sadness1963—William Faulkner, The Reivers1964—No award 1965— Shirley Ann Grau, The Keepers of the House1966— Katherine Anne Porter, Collected Stories1967— Bernard Malamud, The Fixer1968—William Styron, The Confessions of Nat Turner1969— N. Scott Momaday, House Made of Dawn1970— Jean Stafford, Collected Stories1971—No award 1972— Wallace Stegner, Angels of Repose1973—Eudora Welty, The Optimist's Daughter1974—No award 1975— Michael Shaara, The Killer Angels1976— Saul Bellow, Humboldt's Gift1977—No award 1978— James A. McPherson, Elbow Room1979— John Cheever, The Stories of John Cheever1980— Norman Mailer, The Executioner's Song1981— John Kennedy Toole, A Confederacy of Dunces1982— John Updike, Rabbit Is Rich1983— Alice Walker, The Color Purple1984— William Kennedy, Ironweed1985— Alison Lurie, Foreign Affairs1986— Larry McMurtry, Lonesome Dove1987—Peter Taylor, A Summons to Memphis1988— Toni Morrison, Beloved1989— Anne Tyler, Breathing Lessons1990— Oscar Hijuelos, The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love1991—John Updike, Rabbit at Rest1992— Jane Smiley, A Thousand Acres1993— Robert Olen Butler, A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain1994— E. Annie Proulx, The Shipping News1995— Carol Shields, The Stone Diaries1996— Richard Ford, Independence Day1997— Stephen Millhauser, Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer1998— Philip Roth, American Pastoral1999— Michael Cunningham, The Hours2000— Jhumpa Lahiri, Interpreter of Maladies2001— Michael Chabon, The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay2002— Richard Russo, Empire Falls2003— Jeffrey Eugenides, Middlesex2004— Edward P. Jones, The Known World2005— Marilynne Robinson, GileadPulitzer Prize plays:1917—No award 1918— Jesse L. Williams, Why Marry?1919—No award 1920— Eugene O'Neill, Beyond the Horizon1921— Zona Gale, Miss Lulu Bett1922—Eugene O'Neill, Anna Christie1923— Owen Davis, Icebound1924— Hatcher Hughes, Hell‐Bent for Heaven1925— Sidney Howard, They Knew What They Wanted1926— George Kelly, Craig's Wife1927— Paul Green, In Abraham's Bosom1928—Eugene O'Neill, Strange Interlude1929— Elmer Rice, Street Scene1930— Marc Connelly, The Green Pastures1931— Susan Glaspell, Alison's House1932— George Kaufman and Morrie Ryskind, Of Thee I Sing1933— Maxwell Anderson, Both Your Houses1934— Sidney Kingsley, Men in White1935— Zoç Akins, The Old Maid1936— Robert Sherwood, Idiot's Delight1937—George Kaufman, Moss Hart, and Ira Gershwin, You Can't Take It with You1938—Thornton Wilder, Our Town1939—Robert Sherwood, Abe Lincoln in Illinois1940— William Saroyan, The Time of Your Life (declined) 1941—Robert Sherwood, There Shall Be No Night1942—No award 1943—Thornton Wilder, The Skin of Our Teeth1944—No award; special award for a musical play to Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II for Oklahoma!1945— Mary Chase, Harvey1946— Russel Crouse and Howard Lindsay, State of the Union1947—No award 1948—Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire1949— Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman1950—Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II, and Joshua Logan, South Pacific1951—No award 1952— Joseph Kramm, The Shrike1953— William Inge, Picnic1954— John Patrick, The Teahouse of the August Moon1955—Tennessee Williams, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof1956— Albert Hackett and Frances Goodrich, The Diary of Anne Frank1957—Eugene O'Neill, Long Day's Journey into Night1958— Ketti Frings, Look Homeward, Angel1959— Archibald MacLeish, J.B.1960— Jerome Weidman and George Abbott, Fiorello! 1961— Tad Mosel, All the Way Home1962— Frank Loesser and Abe Burrows, How To Succeed in Business Without Really Trying1963—No award 1964—No award 1965— Frank D. Gilroy, The Subject Was Roses1966—No award 1967— Edward Albee, A Delicate Balance1968—No award 1969— Howard Sackler, The Great White Hope1970— Charles Gordone, No Place To Be Somebody1971— Paul Zindel, The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man‐in‐the‐Moon Marigolds1973— Jason Miller, The Championship Season1974—No award 1975—Edward Albee, Seascape1976— Michael Bennett, James Kirkwood, Nicholas Dante, Marvin Hamlisch, and Edward Kieban, A Chorus Line1977— Michael Cristofer, The Shadow Box1978— Donald L. Coburn, The Gin Game1979— Sam Shepard, Buried Child1980— Lanford Wilson, Talley's Folly1981— Beth Henley, Crimes of the Heart1982— Charles Fuller, A Soldier's Play1983— Marsha Norman, 'night, Mother1984— David Mamet, Glengarry Glen Ross1985— Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine, Sunday in the Park with George1986—No award 1987— August Wilson, Fences1988— Alfred Uhry, Driving Miss Daisy1989— Wendy Wasserstein, The Heidi Chronicles1990—August Wilson, The Piano Lesson1991— Neil Simon, Lost in Yonkers1992— Robert Schenkan, The Kentucky Cycle1993— Tony Kushner, Angels in America1994—Edward Albee, Three Tall Women1995— Horton Foote, The Young Man From Atlanta1996— Johnathan Larson, Rent1997—No award 1998— Paula Vogel, How I learned to Drive1999— Margaret Edson, Wit2000— Donald Margulies, Dinner with Friends2001— David Auburn, Proof2002— Suzan-Lori Parks, Topdog/Underdog2003— Nilo Cruz, Anna in the Tropics2004— Doug Wright, I Am My Own Wife2005— John Patrick Shanley, Doubt, a ParablePulitzer prize poetry:(Special prizes were awarded, from gifts provided by the Poetry Society, in 1918 to Sara Teasdale for Love Songs, and in 1919 to Margaret Widdemer for Old Road to Paradise and to Carl Sandburg for Cornhuskers.) 1922— Edwin Arlington Robinson, Collected Poems1923— Edna St. Vincent Millay, The Ballad of the Harp‐Weaver; A Few Figs from Thistles; Eight Sonnets1924— Robert Frost, New Hampshire1925—Edwin Arlington Robinson, The Man Who Died Twice1926— Amy Lowell, What's O'Clock?1927— Leonora Speyer, Fiddler's Farewell1928—Edwin Arlington Robinson, Tristram1929— Stephen Vincent Benét, John Brown's Body1930— Conrad Aiken, Selected Poems1931—Robert Frost, Collected Poems1932— George Dillon, The Flowering Stone1933—Archibald MacLeish, Conquistador1934— Robert Hillyer, Collected Verse1935— Audrey Wurdemann, Bright Ambush1936— Robert Coffin, Strange Holiness1937—Robert Frost, A Further Range1938— Marya Zaturenska, Cold Morning Sky1939— John Gould Fletcher, Selected Poems1940— Mark Van Doren, Collected Poems1941— Leonard Bacon, Sunderland Capture1942— William Rose Benét, The Dust Which Is God1943—Robert Frost, A Witness Tree1944—Stephen Vincent Benét, Western Star1945—Karl Shapiro, V‐Letter and Other Poems1946—No award 1947—Robert Lowell, Lord Weary's Castle1948— W.H. Auden, The Age of Anxiety1949— Peter Viereck, Terror and Decorum1950— Gwendolyn Brooks, Annie Adams1951—Carl Sandburg, Complete Poems1952— Marianne Moore, Collected Poems1953—Archibald MacLeish, Collected Poems, 1917–19521954— Theodore Roethke, The Waking1955— Wallace Stevens, Collected Poems1956— Elizabeth Bishop, Poems—North & South1957— Richard Wilbur, Things of This World1958—Robert Penn Warren, Promises: Poems 1954–19561959— Stanley Kunitz, Selected Poems: 1918–19581960— W.D. Snodgrass, Heart's Needle1961— Phyllis McGinley, Times Three: Selected Verse from Three Decades1962— Alan Dugan, Poems1963— William Carlos Williams, Pictures from Brueghel1964— Louis Simpson, At the End of the Open Road1965— John Berryman, 77 Dream Songs1966— Richard Eberhart, Selected Poems1967— Anne Sexton, Live or Die1968—Anthony Hecht, The Hard Hours1969— George Oppen, Of Being Numerous1970— Richard Howard, United Subjects1971— W.S. Merwin, The Carrier of Ladders1972— James Wright, Collected Poems1973— Maxine Kumin, Up Country1974—No award 1975— Gary Snyder, Turtle Island1976— John Ashbery, Self Portrait in a Convex Mirror1977— James Merrill, Divine Comedies1978— Howard Nemerov, Collected Poems1979—Robert Penn Warren, Now and Then1980— Donald Justice, Selected Poems1981— James Schuyler, The Morning of the Poem1982— Sylvia Plath, The Collected Poems1983— Galway Kinnell, Selected Poems1984— Mary Oliver, American Primitive1985— Carolyn Kizer, Yin1986— Henry Taylor, The Flying Change1987— Rita Dove, Thomas and Beulah1988— William Meredith, Partial Accounts1989—Richard Wilbur, New and Collected Poems1990— Charles Simic, The World Doesn't End1991— Mona Van Duyn, Near Changes1992— James Tate, Selected Poems1993— Louise Glück, The Wild Iris1994— Yousef Komunyakaa, Neon Vernacular1995— Philip Levine, Simple Truth1996— Jorie Graham, The Dream of the Unified Field1997— Liesel Mueller, Alive Together: New and Selected Poems1998— Charles Wright, Black Zodiac1999— Mark Strand, Blizzard of One2000— C. K. Williams, Repair2001— Stephen Dunn, Different Hours2002— Carl Dennis, Practical Gods2003— Paul Muldoon, Moy Sand and Gravel2004— Franz Wright, Walking to Martha's Vineyard2005— Ted Kooser, Delights and ShadowsPulitzer Prize biographies:1917— Laura E. Richards and Maude H. Elliott, assisted by Florence H. Hall, Julia Ward Howe1918— William C. Bruce, Benjamin Franklin, Self‐Revealed1919— Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams1920— Albert J. Beveridge, Life of John Marshall1921— Edward Bok, The Americanization of Edward Bok1922— Hamlin Garland, A Daughter of the Middle Border1923— Burton J. Hendrick, Life and Letters of Walter Hines Page1924— Michael Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor1925— M.A. DeW. Howe, Barrett Wendell and His Letters1926— Harvey Cushing, Life of Sir William Osler1927— Emory Holloway, Whitman; An Interpretation in Narrative1928— C.E. Russell, The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas1929— Burton J. Hendrick, The Training of an American: The Earlier Life and Letters of Walter Hines Page1930— Marquis James, The Raven: A Biography of Sam Houston1931— Henry James, Charles W. Eliot1932— Henry Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt1933— Allan Nevins, Grover Cleveland1934— Tyler Dennett, John Hay1935— Douglas Freeman, R.E. Lee1936— Ralph B. Perry, The Thought and Character of William James1937—Allan Nevins, Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration1938— Odell Shepard, Pedlar's Progress: The Life of Bronson Alcott; and Marquis James, Andrew Jackson1939— Carl Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin1940— Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson (vols. 7 and 8) 1941— Ola Elizabeth Winslow, Jonathan Edwards1942— Forrest Wilson, Crusader in Crinoline ( Harriet Beecher Stowe) 1943— Samuel Eliot Morison, Christopher Columbus: Admiral of the Ocean Sea1944— Carleton Mabee, The American Leonardo: The Life of Samuel F.B. Morse1945— Russel B. Nye, George Bancroft: Brahmin Rebel1946— Linnie Marsh Wolfe, Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir1947— William Allen White, Autobiography1948— Margaret Clapp, Forgotten First Citizen: John Bigelow1949— Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins1950— Samuel Flagg Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy1951— Margaret Louise Coit, John C. Calhoun: American Portrait1952— Merlo J. Pusey, Charles Evans Hughes1953— David J. Mays, Edmund Pendleton, 1721–18031954— Charles A. Lindbergh, The Spirit of St. Louis1955— William S. White, The Taft Story1956— Talbot Faulkner Hamlin, Benjamin Henry Latrobe1957— John F. Kennedy, Profiles in Courage1958— Douglas S. Freeman, George Washington (vols. 5 and 6); and John A. Carroll and Mary W. Ashworth, George Washington (vol. 7) 1959— Arthur Walworth, Woodrow Wilson (2 vols.) 1960—Samuel Eliot Morison, John Paul Jones1961— David Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War1962—No award 1963— Leon Edel, Henry James (vols. 2 and 3) 1964— Walter Jackson Bate, John Keats1965— Ernest Samuels, Henry Adams (3 vols.) 1966— Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days1967— Justin Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain1968— George F. Kennan, Memoirs (1925–1950)1969— B.L. Reid, The Man from New York ( John Quinn) 1970— T. Harry Williams, Huey Long1971— Lawrance Thompson, Robert Frost1972— Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin1973— W.A. Swanberg, Luce and His Empire1974— Louis Sheaffer, O'Neill, Son and Artist1975— Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses1976— R.W.B. Lewis, Edith Wharton1977— John E. Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, The Life of T.E. Lawrence1978—Walter Jackson Bate, Samuel Johnson1979— Leonard Baker, Days of Sorrow and Pain: Leo Baeck and the Berlin Jews1980— Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt1981— Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great1982— William S. McFeely, Grant: A Biography1983— Russell Baker, Growing Up1984— Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington1985— Kenneth Silverman, The Life and Times of Cotton Mather1986— Elizabeth Frank, Louise Bogan: A Portrait1987— David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King …1988— David Herbert Donald, Look Homeward: A Life of Thomas Wolfe1989— Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde1990— Sebastian de Grazia, Machiavelli inHell1991— Steven Naifeh and Gregory White Smith, Jackson Pollock, an American Saga1992— Lewis B. Puller, Jr., Fortunate Son1993— David McCullough, Truman1994— David Levering Lewis, W.E.B. DuBois: Biography of a Race, 1868–19191995— Joan D. Hedrick, Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life1996— Jack Miles, God: A Biography1997— Frank McCourt, Angela's Ashes: A Memoir1998— Katharine Graham, Personal History1999— A. Scott Berg, Lindbergh2000— Stacy Schiff, Vera (Mrs. Vladimir Nabakov)2001— David Levering Lewis, W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919–1963 2002— David McCullough, John Adams2003— Robert A. Caro, Master of the Senate2004— William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era2005— Mark Stephens Swan, de Kooning: An American MasterPulitzer Prize histories:1917— J.J. Jusserand, With Americans of Past and Present Days1918— James F. Rhodes, A History of the Civil War1919—No award 1920— Justin H. Smith, The War with Mexico1921— William S. Sims and Burton J. Hendrick, The Victory at Sea1922— James Truslow Adams, The Founding of New England1923— Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History1924— Charles H. McIlwain, The American Revolution, A Constitutional Interpretation1925— Frederic L. Paxon, A History of the American Frontier, 1763–18931926— Edward Channing, The War for Southern Independence1927— Samuel F. Bemis, Pinckney's Treaty: A Study of America's Advantage from Europe's Distress1928— Vernon L. Parrington, Main Currents in American Thought (vols. 1 and 2) 1929— Fred Albert Shannon, Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861–18651930— Claude H. Van Tyne, The War of Independence1931— Bernadotte E. Schmitt, The Coming of the War: 19141932— John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War1933— Frederick J. Turner, The Significance of Sections in American History1934— Herbert Agar, The People's Choice1935— Charles Mc L. Andrews, The ColonialPeriod of American History (vol.1) 1936— Andrew C. McLaughlin, Constitutional History of the United States1937— Van Wyck Brooks, The Flowering of New England1938— Paul H. Buck, The Road to Reunion1939— Frank L. Mott, A History of American Magazines1940—Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (4 vols.) 1941— Marcus Lee Hansen, The Atlantic Migration1942— Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington1943— Esther Forbes, Paul Revere and the World He Lived In1944— Merle Curti, The Growth of American Thought1945— Stephen Bonsal, Unfinished Business1946— Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Jackson1947— James Phinney Baxter, Scientists Against Time1948— Bernard De Voto, Across the Wide Missouri1949— Roy F. Nichols, The Disruption of American Democracy1950— O.W. Larkin, Art and Life in America1951— R. Carlyle Buley, The Old Northwest, Pioneer Period, 1815–18401952— Oscar Handlin, The Uproted1953— George Dangerfield, The Era of Good Feelings1954— Bruce Catton, A Stillness at Appomattox1955— Paul Horgan, Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History1956— Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform1957—George F. Kennan, Russia Leaves the War1958— Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America: From the Revolution to the Civil War1959— Leonard D. White, The Republican Era: 1869–19011960—Margaret Leech, In the Days of McKinley; special award to Garrett Mattingly for The Armada1961— Herbert Feis, Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference; special award to the American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War1962— Lawrence Gipson, The Triumphant Empire: Thunder Clouds Gather in the West1963— Constance M. Green, Washington, Village and Capital1964— Sumner Chilton Powell, Puritan Village: The Formation of a New England Town1965— Irwin Unger, The Greenback Era1966— Perry Miller, The Life of the Mind inAmerica1967— William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire1968— Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution1969— Leonard W. Levy, Origins of the Fifth Amendment1970— Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation1971— James M. Burns, Roosevelt, The Soldier of Freedom1972— Carl N. Degler, Neither Black Nor White1973— Michael Kammen, People of Paradox1974— Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans1975— Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time1976—Paul Horgan, Lamy of Santa Fe1977— David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis1978— Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., The Visible Hand1979— Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case1980— Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long1981— Lawrence A. Cremin, American Education1982— C. Vann Woodward (ed.), Mary Chesnut's Civil War1983— Rhys L. Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740–17901984—No award 1985— Thomas K. McGraw, The Prophets of Regulation1986— Walter A. McDougall, The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age1987—Bernard Bailyn, Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution1988— Robert V. Bruce, The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846–18761989— Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters, and James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom1990— Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines1991— Laurel Ulrich, A Midwife's Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard1992— Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties1993— Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution1994—No award 1995— Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II1996— Alan Taylor, William Cooper's Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontier of the Early American Republic1997— Jack N. Rakove, Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution1998— Edward J. Larson, Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion1999— Edwin G. Burrows, Gotham: A History of New York to 18982000— David M. Kennedy, Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War2001— Joseph J. Ellis, Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation2002— Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America2003— Rick Atkinson, An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–19432004— Steve Hahn, A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South From Slavery to the Great Migration2005— David Hackett Fischer, Washington's CrossingPulitzer Prize general nonfiction:1962— Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 19601963— Barbara W. Tuchman, The Guns of August1964—Richard Hofstadter, Anti‐Intellectualism in American Life1965— Howard Mumford Jones, O Strange New World1966— Edwin Way Teale, Wandering Through Winter1967— David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture1968— Will and Ariel Durant, Rousseau and Revolution1969—René Jules Dubos, So Human an Animal; and Norman Mailer, The Armies of the Night1970— Eric H. Erikson, Gandhi's Truth1971— John Toland, The Rising Sun1972— Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China1973— Frances Fitzgerald, Fire in the Lake1974— Ernest Becker, The Denial of Death1975— Annie Dillard, The Pilgrim at Tinker Creek1976— Robert N. Butler, Why Survive?1977— William H. Warner, Beautiful Swimmers1978— Carl Sagan, The Dragons of Eden1979— Edward O. Wilson, On Human Nature1980— Douglas R. Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach1981— Carl E. Schorske, Fin‐de‐siècle Vienna1982— Tracy Kidder, The Soul of a New Machine1983— Susan Sheehan, Is There No Place on Earth for Me?1984— Paul Starr, Social Transformation of American Medicine1985— Studs Terkel, The Good War: An Oral History of World War II1986— Joseph Lelyveld, Move Your Shadow: South Africa, Black and White, and J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families1987— David K. Shipler, Arab and Jew: Wounded Spirits in a Promised Land1988— Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb1989— Neil Sheehan, A Bright and Shining Lie1990— Dale Maharidge and Michael Williamson, And Their Children After Them1991— Edward O. Wilson and Burt Holldobler, The Ants1992— Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil1993— Garry Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg1994— David Remnick, For Lenin's Tomb1995— Jonathan Weiner, The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time1996— Tina Rosenberg, The Haunted Land: Facing Europe's Ghosts After Communism1997— Richard Kluger, Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-year Cigarette War, The Public Health, And the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris1998— Jared Diamond, Guns, Gems and Steel: The Fates of Human societies1999— John McPhee, Annals of the Former World2000— John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II2001— Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan2002— Diane McWhorter, Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution2003— Samantha Powell, “A Problem From Hell”: America and the Age of Genocide2004— Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A Hstory2005— Steve Coll, Ghost Wars
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