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Dardanelles
Dardanelles or Çanakkale Boğazi , strait, c.40 mi (60 km) long and from 1 to 4 mi (1.6 to 6.4 km) wide, connecting the Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marmara and separating the Gallipoli peninsula of European Turkey from Asian Turkey. It was called the Hellespont in ancient times and was the scene of the legend of Hero and Leander. Its modern name is derived from Dardanus, an ancient Greek city on its Asian shore. Controlling navigation between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, the Dardanelles and Bosporus straits have long been of immense strategic and commercial importance. Ancient Troy prospered at the western entrance to the Hellespont. Xerxes I crossed (c.481 BC) the strait over a bridge of boats, as did Alexander the Great in 334 BC Throughout the existence of the Byzantine and Ottoman empires the Straits were essential to the defense of Constantinople (Istanbul). By 1402 the Dardanelles were under the control of Ottoman Sultan Beyazid I. Muhammad II began (15th cent.) to fortify the passage, which, with brief interruptions, has remained in Turkish hands until the present. Russian expansion along the Black Sea (from the 18th cent.) and the resulting weakening of the Ottoman Empire became of great concern to the Western powers (see Eastern Question ), notably England and France, which from 1841 joined forces to prevent Russia from gaining control over, or special rights in, the Straits. In 1841, England, France, Russia, Austria, and Prussia agreed to close the Straits to all but Turkish warships in peacetime. This convention was formally reaffirmed by the Congress of Paris (1856) at the end of the Crimean War and, theoretically at least, remained in force until World War I. Early in 1915 an Anglo-French fleet, commanded first by Admiral Carden and later by Admiral Sir John de Robeck, sought unsuccessfully to force the Dardanelles and take Constantinople. A second attempt, known as the Gallipoli campaign , was also unsuccessful, but after the final Turkish collapse an Allied fleet passed (Nov., 1918) the Straits and occupied Constantinople. The Treaty of Sèvres (1920) with Turkey internationalized and demilitarized the Straits zone, but it was superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923). The zone was restored to Turkey, but was to remain demilitarized; the Straits were to be open to all ships in peacetime and in time of war if Turkey remained neutral; if Turkey was at war, it could not exclude neutral ships. Secretly, however, Turkey soon began to refortify the zone, and in 1936, by the Montreux Convention , it was formally permitted to remilitarize it. Turkey has maintained the right to restrict the access of ships from non-Black Sea states. |
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"Dardanelles." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 29 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Dardanelles." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 29, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Dardanel.html "Dardanelles." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 29, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Dardanel.html |
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Dardanelles
Dardanelles A 61 km (38 mile) strait between the Aegean and the Sea of Marmara, and part of the strategic waterway that links the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. Hence, it has been part of a vital supply route for Russia, connecting its only winter ports to the outside world. During World War I, the British decided to force their way into the Dardanelles and thus reach the Turkish city of Constantinople by sea. In preparation for the attack, the Turkish coastal defences were bombarded 19–26 February 1915, though they were still able to inflict heavy losses on the Anglo-French fleet as it tried to make its way through the strait. Altogether, one-third of the capital ships were sunk, so that the naval campaign was aborted to concentrate on the land attack at Gallipoli. Since World War I, access to the straits has been regulated by a succession of international treaties, the last being the Montreux Convention of 1936.
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JAN PALMOWSKI. "Dardanelles." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 29 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JAN PALMOWSKI. "Dardanelles." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (May 29, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-Dardanelles.html JAN PALMOWSKI. "Dardanelles." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Retrieved May 29, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-Dardanelles.html |
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Dardanelles
Dardanelles (Çanakkale Bogazi) Narrow Strait between the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea, separating Çanakkale (in Asian Turkey) from Gallipoli (in European Turkey). With the Bosporus Strait, the Dardanelles forms a waterway, whose strategic and commercial importance has been recognized since ancient times (then known as Hellespont). In the Byzantine and Ottoman empires and both World Wars, it was vital to the defence of Constantinople (Istanbul). Since the early 14th century it has been almost continuously controlled by Turkey. The strait was the scene of the Gallipoli Campaign in World War I. The Treaty of Sévres (1920) demilitarized the straits, but by 1936 Turkey had remilitarized the zone. Some naval restrictions remain in force. Length: 61km (38 mi). Width: 1.2–6km (0.75–4mi).
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"Dardanelles." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 29 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Dardanelles." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 29, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Dardanelles.html "Dardanelles." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved May 29, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Dardanelles.html |
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Dardanelles
Dardanelles (Çanakkale Boğazi), Turkey Hellespont A strait between the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea. It may have received its name from the city of Dardanus or from Dardanus, the son of Zeus and Electra in Greek mythology. Hellespont comes from the Greek Hellespontos ‘Helle's Sea’ from Helle, a daughter of Athamas and Nephele in Greek mythology, who was drowned here on her voyage to Colchis, and pontos ‘sea’.
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JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Dardanelles." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 29 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Dardanelles." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 29, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Dardanelles.html JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Dardanelles." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Retrieved May 29, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Dardanelles.html |
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Dardanelles
Dardanelles a narrow strait between Europe and Asiatic Turkey (called the Hellespont in classical times), linking the Sea of Marmara with the Aegean Sea, which in 1915 was the scene of an unsuccessful attack on Turkey by Allied troops (see Gallipoli).
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ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Dardanelles." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 29 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Dardanelles." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (May 29, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Dardanelles.html ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Dardanelles." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Retrieved May 29, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Dardanelles.html |
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Dardanelles
Dardanelles
•Casals • Charles
•Dardanelles, Seychelles, Wells
•Hales, Swales, Wales
•entrails • telesales • cat-o'-nine-tails
•Hills, Mills, Sills, Wills
•Giles, Miles, Smiles, Stiles
•hols • consols
•balls, Rawls, Walls
•Fowles
•Bowles, Coles, Rolls
•gules, Jules
•collywobbles • Gorbals • Mumbles
•Goebbels • Needles • oodles • Raffles
•Engels • Gleneagles • Eccles • Pickles
•Naples • Brussels • battels • Beatles
•bristols • measles
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"Dardanelles." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 29 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Dardanelles." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (May 29, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Dardanelles.html "Dardanelles." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Dardanelles.html |
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