COMMUNIST PARTY USA

Known officially as the Communist Party USA (CPUSA), the Communist party was formed in the United States in 1919, two years after the Russian Revolution had overthrown the monarchy and established the Soviet Union. Many American Communists had been members of the socialist party of america, but that party's socialist leadership opposed the Russian revolution and expelled those members who supported it. The Communists were even more left-wing than the Socialists and attracted a number of radicals and anarchists as well as Communists. By August 1919, only months after its founding, the Communist party had 60,000 members, while the Socialist party had only 40,000.

The administration of President woodrow wilson, fearful that American radicals might attempt to overthrow the U.S. government, began making mass arrests in the fall of 1919. Ultimately, 10,000 suspected subversives were arrested in what became known as the Palmer Raids (after U.S. Attorney General a. mitchell palmer), with 249 deported to Russia. The Palmer Raids ended in May 1920, and the American Communists began to gain strength. In 1924, the party founded a newspaper, The Daily Worker, which, at its peak, had a circulation of 35,000. That same year, the party nominated labor activist William Z. Foster as its first candidate for U.S. president. Foster received 35,361 votes.

The death of vladimir lenin and the rise of joseph stalin caused dissent among the party in the United States, with some supporting Stalin and others supporting the views of Leon Trotsky. A number of Trotskyists formed the Communist League of America, and by 1920 the American Communist party had only 7,000 members. By then, the party was concentrating on helping to build labor unions and improving workers' rights. They lobbied for higher wages, a national retirement program, and unemployment insurance. With so many Americans affected by the Great Depression, the Communist message sounded a note of hope to unemployed workers, and Foster received 102,991 votes in the 1932 presidential election. Still, many people were more comfortable with the less radical Socialist party, whose candidate, Norman Thomas, received 884,781 votes.

The Spanish Civil War created a renewed interest in the Communist party, with many of its members opposing the government of Francisco Franco. Many American Communists went to Spain to fight against Franco's forces. Once again, there was a mounting fear of communism in the United States. The Communist candidate for president in 1940, Earl Browder, was forbidden to travel within the United States and had to conduct his entire campaign through written statements and recorded speeches.

During world war ii, the party had 75,000 members, and 15,000 registered Communists fought against Axis forces in Europe and Asia. The alliance with the Soviets did not survive beyond the war's end in 1945, and a wave of anti-communism swept the United States. Although the Communist party in the United States was arguably less radical than it had been in its early days (in 1948, the party endorsed the progressive party candidate, former Vice President Henry A. Wallace, for President), the cold war created a spirit of considerable distrust. In 1948, a dozen leaders of the party were arrested for violating the Alien Registration Act, which made it illegal to advocate or assist in trying to overthrow the government.

The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) investigated individuals who were thought to have Communist ties, and Senator joseph r. mccarthy (R-Wis.) claimed that Communists had infiltrated the federal government. Although many of these accused Communists had either never been party members or else had been involved briefly in the 1930s when the party was more active in organizing labor, invariably their lives were shattered. Membership in the Communist party dropped to about 10,000 by 1957, even though it was never illegal to be a member.

During the 1960s, the Communist party became involved in the civil rights movement and also the antiwar movement. Gus Hall, longtime general secretary of the party, ran for President in 1968 (the party had not run its own candidate since 1940) and received only 1,075 votes. He ran in subsequent years and in 1976 he received 58,992 votes. In 1988, instead of running, Hall pledged his support to jesse jackson, who was seeking the Democratic nomination for president.

In the new millennium, the CPUSA maintains its commitment to the same political ideas that drove the Russian Revolution, but it embraces a more peaceful approach to creating change and social justice. Among the ideas it actively supports are socialized medicine, improved social security benefits, stronger legislation to protect the environment, and full funding for education. The party also seeks greater cooperation with other political groups, believing that the best way to effect change is through the strength of broad-based coalitions.

further readings

Communist Party, USA. Available online at <www.cpusa.org> (accessed November 20, 2003).

Foster, William Z., 1952. History of the Communist Party of the United States of America. New York: International Publishers.

Jaffe, Philip J., 1975. The Rise and Fall of American Communism. New York: Horizon Press.

Klehr, Harvey, 1984. The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade. New York: Basic Books.

cross-references

Independent Parties; Socialist Party of the United States of America.

Communist Party—USA. Two American communist parties were founded in 1919: one by non–English speaking immigrants, the other led by the journalist John Reed (1887–1920), author of an admiring history of the Bolshevik Revolution, Ten Days That Shook the World (1919). Forced to unify by the Communist International, the Communist Party–USA (CPUSA) spent the 1920s as a marginal force in American life. Dominated by Finnish, Slavic, and Eastern European Jewish immigrants, the party was torn by factional warfare between Charles Ruthenberg and Jay Lovestone, on the one hand, and William Z. Foster, a radical trade union leader, on the other. Frequent Comintern mediation culminated in 1929 with Lovestone's deposition as party leader through Joseph Stalin's personal intervention.

In the early 1930s, the CPUSA led militant strikes and protests from Gastonia, North Carolina, to California's Imperial Valley. The party's ultrarevolutionary posture did not lead to substantial membership growth, however; in 1934, after five years of economic depression, it had only 26,000 members. Membership grew once the Comintern adopted the Popular Front against fascism in 1935, reaching nearly 100,000 by 1939, many of them native‐born Americans. The CPUSA became a political force in several states, notably New York, Minnesota, and California. Communists were influential in several of the newly organized CIO unions, as well as in groups representing African Americans, immigrants, writers, and intellectuals.

The Nazi‐Soviet Pact of 1939 reduced communist influence, but the CPUSA rebounded during the American‐Soviet alliance of World War II. In 1945, however, party leader Earl Browder was deposed after Moscow denounced his policy of cooperation with American capitalism. Party members rallied behind Henry Wallace's 1948 Progressive party presidential campaign. As the Cold War gathered momentum and American communists faced legal attack and became pariahs, the party created an underground organization and sent many members into hiding. Events abroad completed the party's decimation. Revelations of Stalin's crimes, Soviet anti‐Semitism, and the Russian invasion of Hungary in 1957 reduced the CPUSA to fewer than three thousand members by 1958. The crisis of communism in the Soviet Union led to still another factional war in 1989 that left Gus Hall, party leader since 1959, as head of an organization with barely one thousand members.
See also Anticommunism; Federal Bureau of Investigation; Hiss, Alger; Labor Movements; McCarthy, Joseph; New Deal Era, The; Rosenberg Case; Scottsboro Case; Smith Act; Socialism; Twenties, The.

Bibliography

Irving Howe and and Lewis Coser , The American Communist Party, 1957.
Harvey Klehr and and John Haynes , The American Communist Movement, 1992.

Harvey Klehr

Communist Party of America Radical Party organized in 1919 to represent the interest of workers, farmers and the lower middle class. Its programme evolved from open revolutionary objectives, to so-called “popular front” socialist goals. The party was strongest in 1932 when it polled 102,991 votes in the presidential election. In 1940, following the passage of the Voorhis Act, the party severed its connection with the Communist International and began to lose strength. Subsequently, the Smith Act (1940), the McCarran Act (1950), and the Communist Control Act (1954) drastically reduced its rights and possible influence.