Charles XII

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Charles XII

The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition | 2008 | The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright 2008 Columbia University Press. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

Charles XII 1682-1718, king of Sweden (1697-1718), son and successor of Charles XI. The regency under which he succeeded was abolished in 1697 at the request of the Riksdag. At the coronation he omitted the usual oath and crowned himself. Charles's youth and inexperience invited the coalition (1699) of Peter I of Russia, Augustus II of Poland and Saxony, and Frederick IV of Denmark that challenged Swedish supremacy in the Baltics. The resulting Northern War quickly revealed Charles's abilities. In one of the most brilliant campaigns in history, Charles forced Denmark to make peace (Aug., 1700), defeated Peter I at Narva (Nov., 1700), subjugated Courland (1701), invaded Poland and, declaring Augustus II dethroned, secured the election (1704) of Stanislaus I as king of Poland. In 1706 he invaded Saxony and forced Augustus to recognize Stanislaus as king, end his alliance with Russia, and surrender his adviser, Johann Reinhold von Patkul , whom Charles then had broken on the wheel. Charles then concentrated on his chief enemy, Peter I. He secured the alliance of the Cossack leader Mazepa and invaded Russia in 1708. The Swedish army was outnumbered, weakened by long marches and a cold winter, and without the active leadership of Charles, who was wounded; it suffered a disastrous defeat by the Russians at Poltava. Much of the army was captured, and Charles fled to Turkey, where he persuaded Sultan Ahmed III to declare war (1710) on Russia. After the Peace of the Pruth (1711) between Russia and Turkey, Charles, who had taken residence near Bender in Bessarabia, became an increasingly unwelcome guest. He was requested to leave Turkey but obstinately refused. A whole Turkish army was sent (1713) to dislodge him from his house; Charles defended it with a handful of men for several hours until he was forced by fire to make a sortie. Taken prisoner and detained near Adrianople, he feigned sickness for over a year. Late in 1714 he unexpectedly arrived at Swedish-occupied Stralsund and defended it against the Prussians and the Danes until Dec., 1715. When it fell he escaped to Sweden and proceeded to invade (1716) Norway. He was killed in the Swedish trenches while besieging the fortress of Fredrikssten. He was succeeded by his sister, Ulrica Leonora, who was forced to recognize a new constitution that gave most of the power to the nobles and clergy. During her reign the Northern War ended (1721) with substantial Swedish losses. His final failure cost Sweden its rank as a great power. The classic biography is Voltaire's History of Charles XII.

Bibliography: See also biographies by R. N. Bain (1895, repr. 1969), J. A. Gade (1916), F. G. Bengtsson (tr. 1960), and R. M. Hatton (1968).

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Charles XII

A Dictionary of World History | 2000 | © A Dictionary of World History 2000, originally published by Oxford University Press 2000. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

Charles XII (or Karl XII) (1682–1718) King of Sweden (1697–1718). Three years after his succession, he embarked on the Great Northern War against the encircling powers of Denmark, Poland-Saxony, and Russia. In the early years he won a series of victories, but in 1709 he embarked on an expedition deep into Russia that ended in the destruction of his army at Poltava and the internment of Charles until 1715. He resumed his military career after his return but was killed while besieging a fortress in Norway.

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From Oxenstierna to Charles XII: Four Studies.
Magazine article from: Scandinavian Studies; 3/22/1993; ; 700+ words ; ...Michael Roberts. From Oxenstierna to Charles XII: Four Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge...against Russia, merely begin what Charles XII attempted to complete? Roberts...debate concerning the causes of Charles XII's death in 1718. Roberts re...
Tipping Point at Poltava: in 1709, after nine years of fighting, Peter the Great destroyed archrival Charles XII's tough Swedish army--marking the rise of modern Russia.(Event overview)
Magazine article from: Military History; 6/1/2009; ; 700+ words ; ...his saddle. Carried to safety, Charles XII, Europe's most feared warrior...1697, his 14-year-old son, Charles XII, sought to reaffirm Sweden's...underestimation of the youthful Charles XII ranks as one of history's great...
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Magazine article from: Journal of Church and State; 9/22/2008; ; 700+ words ; ...Joseph P. Hurley and Pope Pius XII. By Charles R. Gallagher, S.J. New Haven...about Archbishop Hurley than Pius XII. It tells a fascinating story, constructed...Hurley worked in Rome with Pius XII, a career diplomat often criticized...
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Newspaper article from: The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel; 8/22/2003; 517 words ; Pius XII voiced anti-Nazi views, report...2003 Vatican City -- Pope Pius XII, accused by some historians...to Britain from 1938-'40. Charles R. Gallagher, a Jesuit who...Pacelli, who became Pope Pius XII in 1939 a few months before the...
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