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Charles II
Charles II 1661–1700, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily (1665–1700), son and successor of Philip IV. The last of the Spanish Hapsburgs, he was physically crippled and mentally retarded. His mother, Mariana of Austria, was regent for him and continued to rule after his majority. Her bias in favor of Austria aroused opposition, and she was forced into exile (1677) by Charles's illegitimate brother, John of Austria . After John's death (1679) she again exercised power. Charles's reign saw the continued loss of Spanish foreign power, as was evident in the War of Devolution and the War of the Grand Alliance , and a severe decline in Spain's economy, society, and intellectual life. The indolent grandees and the clergy regained a political role. Tax exemptions for privileged groups brought high taxes on industry and agriculture, and emigration increased. Before his death the childless Charles named Philip of Anjou as his heir. Philip's succession (as Philip V) provoked the War of the Spanish Succession . |
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"Charles II." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Charles II." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Charles2Sp.html "Charles II." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Charles2Sp.html |
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Charles II
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"Charles II." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Charles II." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-CharlesII2.html "Charles II." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-CharlesII2.html |
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Charles II, King of Spain
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IAN CHILVERS. "Charles II, King of Spain." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. IAN CHILVERS. "Charles II, King of Spain." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O3-CharlesIIKingofSpain.html IAN CHILVERS. "Charles II, King of Spain." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists. 2003. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O3-CharlesIIKingofSpain.html |
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