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Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire successor state to the Roman Empire (see under Rome ), also called Eastern Empire and East Roman Empire. It was named after Byzantium, which Emperor Constantine I rebuilt (AD 330) as Constantinople and made the capital of the entire Roman Empire. Although not foreseen at the time, a division into Eastern and Western empires became permanent after the accession (395) of Honorius in the West and Arcadius in the East.
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"Byzantine Empire." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 30 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Byzantine Empire." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 30, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-ByzantinEmp.html "Byzantine Empire." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-ByzantinEmp.html |
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Byzantine empire
Byzantine empire The eastern half of the Roman empire. Emperor CONSTANTINE (306–34) had reunited the two halves, divided by Diocletian (284–305), and had refounded the Greek city of Byzantium as his eastern capital, calling it Constantinople (now ISTANBUL) (330). At his death in 395 Emperor THEODOSIUS divided the empire between his sons. After the fall of Rome to the OSTROGOTHS (476) Constantinople was the capital of the empire and was famous for its art, architecture, and wealth. While barbarian invaders overran the Western empire, the Byzantine emperors always hoped to defeat them and reunite the empire. Emperor JUSTINIAN reconquered North Africa and part of Italy, making Ravenna the western capital, but his success was shortlived.
After MUHAMMAD's death (632) Muslim Arab forces swept through Persia and the Middle East, across North Africa, and into Spain. By 750 only the Balkans and Asia Minor remained unconquered. From the 9th century CHARLEMAGNE's Frankish empire dominated the West. In the 8th and 9th centuries religious disunity, notably the ICONCLASTIC CONTROVERSY, weakened the empire. Theological and political differences between Rome and Constantinople led to the EAST-WEST SCHISM between Latin and Orthodox Christianity. (1054). The vigorous emperor Alexius COMNENUS (1081–1118) defeated barbarian attacks from the north and appealed to the Franks for help against the SELJUK Turks. In the 12th century, some reconquests were made in Asia Minor and the period was one of achievement in literature and art, only brought to an end by the Frankish sack of Constantinople in 1204. The failure to achieve any united Christian opposition to the Turks and the growing independence of the Balkan princedoms weakened the empire. Ottoman incursions in the 14th and 15th centuries culminated in the capture of Constantinople in 1453 and the end of the empire. |
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"Byzantine empire." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 30 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Byzantine empire." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (May 30, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-Byzantineempire.html "Byzantine empire." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Retrieved May 30, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-Byzantineempire.html |
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Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire Christian, Greek-speaking, Eastern Roman Empire, which outlasted the Roman Empire in the West by nearly 1000 years. Constantinople (Byzantium or Istanbul) was established by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in ad 330. The area of the Byzantine Empire varied greatly, and its history from c.600 was marked by continual military crisis and heroic recovery. At its height, under Justinian I in the 6th century, it controlled, besides Asia Minor and the Balkans, much of the Near East and the Mediterranean coastal regions of Europe and North Africa. Of its many enemies, the most formidable were the Arabs, who overran the Near Eastern provinces in the 7th century; the Slavs and Bulgars, who captured most of the Balkans, and the Seljuk Turks. From 1204 to 1261, it was controlled by usurping Crusaders from w Europe and, although Constantinople was recovered, Byzantine territory shrank under pressure from the West and from the Ottoman Turks, who finally captured Constantinople in 1453, extinguishing the Byzantine Empire.
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"Byzantine Empire." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 30 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Byzantine Empire." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 30, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-ByzantineEmpire.html "Byzantine Empire." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved May 30, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-ByzantineEmpire.html |
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Byzantine Generals problem
Byzantine Generals problem The problem of devising an algorithm that will decide whether a collection of generals, who communicate using messages some of which may be lost due to deficient transmission, agree to carry out an attack on a target. This is a reformulation in familiar terms of a problem that occurs in the design and development of distributed computer systems.
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JOHN DAINTITH. "Byzantine Generals problem." A Dictionary of Computing. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 30 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN DAINTITH. "Byzantine Generals problem." A Dictionary of Computing. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (May 30, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O11-ByzantineGeneralsproblem.html JOHN DAINTITH. "Byzantine Generals problem." A Dictionary of Computing. 2004. Retrieved May 30, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O11-ByzantineGeneralsproblem.html |
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Byzantine text
Byzantine text The Greek text which was the basis of Erasmus' NT (1516) and so of the translators of the English AV of 1611. The name derives from Byzantium (Constantinople). Being the text in current use in the capital of the Eastern Empire (330–1453 CE), it enjoyed a certain primacy.
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W. R. F. BROWNING. "Byzantine text." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 30 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. W. R. F. BROWNING. "Byzantine text." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (May 30, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O94-Byzantinetext.html W. R. F. BROWNING. "Byzantine text." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Retrieved May 30, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O94-Byzantinetext.html |
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Byzantine rite
Byzantine rite. The liturgical rite of the E. Orthodox Church, so called because it was used in Constantinople (anciently the city of Byzantium).
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E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Byzantine rite." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 30 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Byzantine rite." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (May 30, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-Byzantinerite.html E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Byzantine rite." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Retrieved May 30, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-Byzantinerite.html |
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Byzantine rite
Byzantine rite see Orthodox Eastern Church . |
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"Byzantine rite." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 30 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Byzantine rite." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 30, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-X-Byzantin-ri.html "Byzantine rite." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-X-Byzantin-ri.html |
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