South Asian History: Biographies

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Babur

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

Babur [Turk.,=lion], 1483–1530, founder of the Mughal empire of India. His full name was Zahir ud-Din Muhammad. A descendant of Timur (Tamerlane) and of Jenghiz Khan , he succeeded (1494) to the principality of Fergana in central Asia. His early life was spent in an ultimately unsuccessful struggle to retain his inheritance and to recover Samarkand (Timur's capital) from the Uzbeks. In 1504, however, he captured Kabul and established a kingdom in Afghanistan. After the failure of his final attempt (1512) on Samarkand, Babur began raids southward into India. In 1525, responding to an invitation from the governor of the Punjab to overthrow the sultan of Delhi, Babur launched an invasion. Although his force was small, he defeated the sultan at Panipat in 1526 and captured Agra and Delhi. He ultimately conquered nearly all of N India. Babur was also a distinguished poet. His autobiography, The Baburnama (tr. by A. S. Beveridge, 1922, and by W. M. Thackston, 1996), is his most important work. His son Humayun succeeded him. Babur's name is also transliterated Baber and Babar.

Bibliography: See biographies by F. Grenard (tr. 1930, repr. 1971) and M. Hasan (1986); study by R. D. Palsokar (1971).

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Babur

A Dictionary of World History | 2000 | Copyright

Babur (1483–1530) The first MOGUL Emperor of India (1526–30). He was born in Ferghana, Central Asia, in a princely family of mixed Mongol and Turkish blood. Failure to recover his father's lands caused him to turn reluctantly south-east, for India seemed to present the last hope for his ambitions. Defeat of Ibrahim Lodi, the Afghan ruler of Delhi, at the Battle of Panipat in 1526 initiated 200 years of strong Mogul rule in India. Having conquered much of northern India, Babur ruled by force, lacking any civil administration. In addition to his military genius, he possessed a love of learning and wrote his own memoirs.

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Babur

World Encyclopedia | 2005 | Copyright

Babur (1483–1530) First Mogul Emperor of India (1526–30), b. Zahir ud-Din Muhammad. Babur (Turk. ‘tiger’) became ruler of Fergana in 1495, and engaged in a long conflict for control of Samarkand, but ultimately lost both territories. Raising an army, he captured Kabul and carved out a new kingdom for himself in Afghanistan. From here he invaded India, gaining Delhi (1526) and Agra (his future capital) (1527), and conquering n India as far as Bengal.

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Babur

The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable | 2006 | | Copyright

Babur (1483–1530), first Mogul emperor of India c.1525–30, descendant of Tamerlane. He invaded India c.1525 and conquered the territory from the Oxus to Patna. A Muslim, he instigated the policy of religious toleration towards his non-Muslim subjects which was continued by later Mogul emperors.

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ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Babur." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Babur." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Babur.html

ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Babur." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Babur.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	The Garden of the Eight Paradises: Babur and the Culture of Empire in Central... Magazine article from: The Journal of the American Oriental Society; 10/1/2008
	The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor Magazine article from: The Middle East Journal; 4/1/1997
	Tribute paid to scholarly works of Iqbal, Babur. News Wire article from: UzReport; 5/2/2008