TOLSTOY, ALEXEI KONSTANTINOVICH

(1817–1875), writer of drama, fiction, and poetry; considered to be the most important nineteenth-century Russian historical dramatist.

A member of the Russian nobility, Alexei Tolstoy was expected to serve at court and in the diplomatic service, which prevented him from writing full time until relatively late in his life (1861). Nevertheless, he managed to produce a novel (Prince Serebryanny, 1862) and a dramatic trilogy (The Death of Ivan the Terrible, 1866; Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, 1868; Tsar Boris, 1870), both based on the time of Ivan the Terrible. Although, by the time Prince Serebryanny was published, the fad for historical novels had long passed, it nevertheless enjoyed some popularity. Due to censorship restrictions, only the first of the three plays was performed during the author's lifetime, but all three were produced numerous times during the Soviet period. For all these works, Tolstoy relied on Karamzin's History of the Russian State, from which he lifted passages verbatim for his own work.

Tolstoy's lyric poetry, most notably "Against the Current" (1867) and "John Damascene" (1858), were strongly influenced by German romanticism. He also wrote satirical verse. Collaborating with the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers, he created the fictional writer Kozma Prutkov, a petty bureaucrat who parodied the poetry of the day and wrote banal aphorisms. Karamzin's History also served as the inspiration for Tolstoy's History of the Russian State from Gostomysl to Timashev, a parody of Russian history from its founding until 1868, which contained vicious characteristics of the Russian monarch. The manuscript circulated privately between 1868, when it was completed, and 1883, when it first appeared in print.

See also: karamzin, nikolai mikhailovich

bibliography

Bartlett, Rosamund. (1998). "Aleksei Konstantinovich Tolstoi 1817–1875." In Reference Guide to Russian Literature, ed. Neil Cornwell, 806–808. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.

Dalton, Margaret. (1972). A. K. Tolstoy. New York: Twayne.

Elizabeth Jones Hemenway

Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy , 1817-75, Russian poet, dramatist, and novelist. He was a distant cousin of Leo Tolstoy. Together with two cousins he wrote nonsense verse and humorous works under the pseudonym Kozma Prutkov. These works are primarily satire directed against government bureaucracy. Tolstoy also wrote narrative lyrics and epics in both romantic and humorous veins. Prince Serebryany (1863, tr. A Prince of Outlaws, 1927) is a historical novel set in the time of Ivan the Terrible. He also treated this period in a trilogy of historical dramas in blank verse, The Death of Ivan the Terrible (1865, tr. 1926), Tsar Fyodor Ivanovitch (1868, tr. 1922), and Tsar Boris (1870). Tolstoy's works reflect his vitality and erudition.

Bibliography: See study by M. Dalton (1972).

Tolstoy, Alexei Konstantinovich (1817–75), Russian diplomat and poet, author of a fine historical trilogy, containing excellent crowd scenes and written with much semi-oriental imagery, in which he idealized old feudal Russia. All three plays—The Death of Ivan the Terrible, Tsar Feodor Ivanovich, and Tsar Boris—were written between 1866 and 1870, but were banned by the censor, who finally allowed the second to be put on as the opening production of the Moscow Art Theatre in 1898, two days after it had been seen in St Petersburg. It has frequently been revived, and there have also been productions of the complete trilogy.