Alan Wilson Watts

Alan Wilson Watts (1915-1973) was a naturalized American author and lecturer who interpreted Zen to the West. His writings were particularly popular among the so-called "beat generation" of the late 1950s and early 1960s.

Alan Wilson Watts was born in Chislehurst, England, on January 6, 1915. Raised in the county of Kent, his introduction to Eastern culture came at about the age of 11 when he read the novels of Sax Rohmer and Edgar Wallace about Fu Manchu, the inscrutable Chinese detective, "and other sophisticated Chinese villains." Watts received his secondary education at King's School, Canterbury, where he did some creative writing and participated in fencing, rowing, and debate.

He worked in his father's office from 1932 to 1939 while serving as a council member and member of the executive committee of the World Congress of Faiths in London. He read Bergson, Nietzche, Havelock Ellis, Jung, Bernard Shaw, and Eastern texts through the understandings of modern interpreters such as Swami Vivekananda, D. T. Suzuki, and Madame Blavatsky. In 1934 a Theosophical Society member introduced him to a Yugoslavian mystic, Dmitrije Mitrinovic, with whom he identified. From 1934 to 1938 he edited the Buddhist Lodge of London's journal, The Middle Way, and his first book, The Spirit of Zen, appeared in 1936.

Watts came to the United States in 1939 and was naturalized in 1943. Upon arrival in New York he studied under a local Zen master, Sokei-an Sasaki. But, believing that Christianity could be understood as a form of a mystical and perennial philosophy, he affiliated with the Episcopal Church. He received his Master of Sacred Theology degree from Seabury-Western Theological Seminary in Evanston, Illinois, in June 1948 and was given an honorary Doctor of Divinity from the University of Vermont in 1958. Ordained an Episcopal priest, he served from 1944 until 1950 as Episcopal chaplain at Northwestern University. He then left the church. In an interview in LIFE magazine in 1961 Watts said that he left the church "not because it doesn't practice what it preaches, but because it preaches."

Watts returned to his early interest in Eastern thought. He sought to apply its principles to modern psychology in The Meaning of Happiness (1940). Among other writings in which he argued for a common mystical core underlying all religions, reflecting the influence of Aldous Huxley, a major attempt to reconcile Christianity and Eastern thought was Myth and Ritual in Christianity (1953). In 1964 in Beyond Theology he argued that they were in fact incompatible: "My previous discussions did not take proper account of that whole aspect of Christianity which is uncompromising, ornery, militant, rigorous, imperious, and invincibly self-righteous."

From 1951 to 1957 Watts taught comparative philosophy and psychology at the new American Academy of Asian Studies in San Francisco, which became a graduate school of the College of the Pacific, and served as its dean from 1953 to 1956. Feeling as out of place in academy as he did in the church, he retired to a career of writing and lecturing. In 1959-1961 he was director and writer of the National Educational Television series Eastern Wisdom and Modern Life.

He was married three times—to Eleanor Everett (1938; divorced 1950); to Dorothy DeWitt (1950; divorced 1963); and to Mary Jane Yates King (1963)—and had seven children. He described himself as "an unrepented sensualist, an immoderate lover of women and the delights of sexuality, " as well as of fine food, drink, tobacco, clothes, books, and jewelry and of nature. From 1957 until his death on November 16, 1973, he continued to write and lecture at colleges, universities, medical schools, and mental health institutions in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia, including Harvard; Yale; Cambridge; the Universities of Chicago, Michigan, Indiana, and Hawaii; and the C. J. Jung Institute (Zurich).

Although his thought is associated with Rinzai Zen Buddhism, Watts did not wish to identify himself with any religious group, "on the ground that partisanship in religion closes the mind." He once called himself a spiritual "entertainer." His own mystical idealism, however, was more an amalgamation of ideas than traditional Zen, for he also borrowed from the Taoist philosophy of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu and the Advaita Vedanta of Shankara, treating all Eastern thought monolithically and interpreting it in modern terms.

Watts believed that the key to the universe is fundamentally a higher consciousness or mind. The world is an emanation of the one Being or Consciousness. Unity is the nature of the universe while the distinctions between knowing subject and the objects of knowledge are actually expressions of unity. This fact, he said, is gaining support from the discoveries of science, such as those of the British biologist Joseph Needham, in whose work he was especially interested. The human predicament is the mistaken belief in the individual ego and the forms of activity which result. This places the individual in conflict with all of reality and results in the ego feeling ultimately responsible. Christianity in all its forms, Watts said, has reinforced this delusion, while Chinese and Indian thinkers have discovered the unity of the depths of the human being and the One which makes one "at home in the world." Watts even criticized the applications of Zen by the "beat generation" of the 1950s and traditional Japanese Zen schools as egoconscious.

True Zen, he said, was not that of the "solemn and sexless ascetic, " but the liberation of the mind from traditional thought forms to raise human consciousness to identify with the Consciousness which is Reality. It is essentially a mystical experience of Reality "felt directly in a silence of words and meanings." Mystical thinkers of all traditions have discovered this, he said, and modern psychotherapy is coming to agree. In Psychotherapy East and West (1961) Watts referred to Carl Jung, Erich Fromm, Rollo May, Norman O. Brown, Abraham Maslow, and others as those who were bringing science closer to Eastern insight.

Further Reading

In My Own Way (1972), Watt's autobiography, is the best place to begin. Among his scores of works, his most systematic attempt to present his thought and relate it to Christianity is Beyond Theology (1964). Psychology East and West (1961) exhibits his attempt to harmonize his thought with psychotherapy. A full-length critical study of Watts is David Clark, The Pantheism of Alan Watts (1978).

Additional Sources

Brannigan, Michael C., Everywhere and nowhere: the path of Alan Watts, New York: P. Lang, 1988.

Furlong, Monica, Zen effects: the life of Alan Watts, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986.

Stuart, David, Alan Watts, New York: Stein and Day, 1983, 1976. □

WATTS, ALAN 1915-1973

Writer and thinker

Lucidity

During his career Alan Watts became known as the most lucid Western interpreter of Zen Buddhism. His blend of Eastern religion and drug exploration had great influence in the Beat movement and nascent counterculture movement which flowered in the 1960s.

Leaving the Episcopals

Watts was born in Great Britain and came to the United States in 1939. He was ordained in the Episcopal priesthood in 1944 and served as chaplain at Northwestern University in Chicago until 1947. Watts left the church in 1950 and married Dorothy De Witt shortly afterward. He was quoted as saying that he left the Episcopal church "not because it doesn't practice what it preaches but because it preaches."

Success

He taught at the American Academy of Asia Studies, a graduate school of the College of the Pacific, in San Francisco from 1951 to 1957, serving as dean of the school from 1953 to 1956. He left the school when the success of his The Way of Zen (1957) gave him the financial and intellectual independence to leave the academic world.

Voice for Asian Religions

Watts was a leading voice for Asian religions, particularly the Zen form of Buddhism. His first book, The Spirit of Zen, was published in 1936. He published extensively during the 1950s. His The Way of Zen and Beat Zen, Square Zen, and Zen (1959) appeared during the excitement brought about by the attention given to the Beat movement. Several of the Beatniks, including Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, became involved in practicing Zen and triggered an interest in Zen and other Eastern religions. In 1959 and 1960 he hosted a television program, "Eastern Wisdom and Modern Life," which ran for twenty-six episodes on National Educational Television.

Counterculture

Watts's influence on the culture and counterculture of the 1950s and later that of the 1960s is difficult to measure. He was the most public exponent of Eastern religions in general, and Zen in particular, and as such received much of the credit for Zen's sudden popularity in the 1950s. Watts's popular success was in exploiting the unfocused spiritual hunger that was evident in the United States of the 1950s.

Sources:

Bruce Cook, The Beat Generation (New York: Scribners, 1971);

Harvey Cox, Turning East: The Promise and Peril of the New Orientalism (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1977);

Monica Furlong, Zen Effects: The Life of Alan Watts (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986);

Alan Watts, In My Own Way: An Autobiography (New York: Pantheon, 1972).

Watts, Alan (Wilson) (1915-1973)

British-born American philosopher, teacher of Zen Buddhism, and pioneer popularizer of Eastern philosophy in the United States. Watts was born January 6, 1915, in Chislehurst, Kent, England. He came to the United States in 1938, and he was naturalized in 1943. The same year he moved to the United States he married the daughter of Ruth Fuller Everett (who was involved with the First Zen Institute of America). Even as a youth he had been interested in Eastern religions in general and Zen Buddhism in particular. However, Watts studied for the priesthood and after completing his course at Seabury-Western Theological Seminary, he was ordained in the Episcopal Church in 1944. He remained in Evanston, Illinois, and pursued a master of sacred theology degree (1948) at Seabury while serving as a chaplain at Northwestern University (adja-cent to the Seabury campus) for six years (1944-50).

In 1950 Watts divorced, resigned from the priesthood, and entered a year of seclusion. In 1951 he moved to California as an instructor at the American Academy of Asian Studies (1951-57). He gained some degree of fame in 1957 with the positive response to his book, The Way of Zen (1957), which became a book introducing Zen to a public eager for Eastern wisdom. Over the next fifteen years he wrote numerous books presenting his personal appropriation of Buddhism. As a lecturer, from 1956 onward he traveled to universities across the continent. He directed the Eastern Wisdom and Modern Life series on station KQED, San Francisco (1959-60).

In 1962 some of those who had gathered around him as students founded the Society for Comparative Philosophy as a vehicle for his teaching. He died November 16, 1973.

Sources:

Melton, J. Gordon. Religious Leaders of America. Detroit: Gale Research, 1991.

Stuart, David. Alan Watts. Radnor, Pa.: Chilton Book, 1976.

Watts, Alan. The Book on the Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are. New York: Vintage Books, 1966.

——. The Early Writings of Alan Watts. Edited by John Snelling. Berkeley, Calif.: Celestial Arts, 1987.

——. The Essential Alan Watts. Berkeley, Calif.: Celestial Arts, 1977.

——. In My Own Way: An Autobiography, 1915-1945. New York: Pantheon Books, 1972.

——. Psychotherapy, East and West. New York: Ballantine Books, 1961.

——. The Spirit of Zen. New York: Grove Press, 1958.

——. The Way of Zen. New York: Pantheon Books, 1968.

Watts, Alan (1915–73). Eclectic British thinker and writer who relocated to California and played a central part in the counter-culture of the 1960s. Watts became a leading light in the Human Potential Movement and was affiliated to the Esalen Institute. Although he had no academic background in eastern religions and no knowledge of oriental languages, his elegant writings caught the popular imagination and enjoyed considerable success. His books The Way of Zen (1957) and Psychotherapy East and West (1961) offered a way of personal growth based on Eastern psychology as an alternative to what many regard as the egocentric hedonism of Western culture.

Watts, Alan (1915–73), English‐born leader of the Zen Buddhist movement in U.S., where he lived after 1938 and where he was naturalized in 1943. For a time an Episcopal minister and university chaplain and teacher, he became more widely known as a lecturer on Oriental philosophy, an experimenter with mind‐altering drugs, described in The Joyous Cosmology (1962), and associate of the Beat movement. His books include The Spirit of Zen (1936), Behold the Spirit (1947), The Way of Zen (1957), Beat Zen, Square Zen and Zen (1967), Beyond Theology (1973), and In My Own Way (1973), an autobiography.

Watts, Alan (1915–73). Comparative religionist, theologian, philosopher, and student of mysticism. This Californian ‘guru’ greatly influenced the counter-culture of the 1960s. Writing with particular public success in The Way of Zen (1957) and Psychotherapy East and West (1961), he argued that people in the West are in a state of confusion, seeking solace in satisfying their egos. The solution is to change consciousness, to realize that everything is interrelated as necessary components of one process.