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proton
proton pump
proton pump A carrier protein or complex of proteins that transports protons (H
+) across biological membranes. Such pumps use energy, for example ATP, to establish a high concentration of protons on one side of the membrane compared to the other. This proton gradient is then exploited by the cell to drive various processes, including the transport of ions and small molecules across plasma membranes. Proton pumps are also involved in secretion of gastric acid by mucosal cells in the stomach lining. The concept of a proton pump is central to the
chemiosmotic theory of ATP formation by electron transport in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Here, the pump is driven not by ATP hydrolysis but by electron transport, and the proton gradient that is set up represents a means of conserving the energy released by respiration, or captured by photosynthetic pigments. This energy is then stored as ATP by the enzyme
ATP synthetase. See also
acid growth theory.
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Proton transport via the membrane surface
Magazine article from: Biophysical Journal; 6/1/2002; ; 700+ words
; ABSTRACT Some proton pumps, such as cytochrome...c^O), translocate protons across biological membranes...considerably exceeds the rate of proton transport to the entrance...The high rate of proton pumping raises the question...possible rate of supply of protons by the organelle's...
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Protons May Leak through Pure Lipid Bilayers via a Concerted Mechanism
Magazine article from: Biophysical Journal; 5/1/2005; ; 700+ words
; ...along which the protons can "hop" over...presence of an excess proton) suggest that...channels, facilitate proton transport by stabilizing...Permeation of protons along the water...with measured proton permeabilities by assuming that protons permeate instantaneously...
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Proton beam therapy subject of renewed radiosurgical interest.
Newspaper article from: Medical Device Daily; 9/11/2007; 700+ words
; ...propose the use of protons as a medical tool...involved in early proton neurosurgery include...cyclotron used to produce protons and the inspiration...multiple sources of proton beams on pituitary...develop a tabletop proton accelerator, but...off,? which makes protons good ?for ...
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Proton America signs formal distribution agreement in Malaysia.
PR Newswire; 11/20/1987; 700+ words
; PROTON AMERICA SIGNS FORMAL DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENT IN MALAYSIA...significant developments in Malaysia's industrial expansion, Proton America, Inc., and Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional (Proton) have signed the formal distribution agreement here...
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Proton Energy Systems and Matheson Tri-Gas Reach Agreement to End Contract.
PR Newswire; 1/31/2003; 700+ words
; Proton Energy Systems, Inc. , a leader in hydrogen...This is purely a business decision," said Proton's President and CEO Walter "Chip" Schroeder...products with a number of compelling features, Proton will focus on larger, higher margin products...
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Proton spin plays key role in smash hits. (collisions between subatomic particles)
Magazine article from: Science News; 11/3/1990; ; 700+ words
; ...subatomic particles such as protons. High-precision measurements now reveal that a proton's spin seems to have a surprisingly...spin effects in very violent proton-proton collisions, where two protons bounce off each other...
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 "Business Times (Malaysia)")
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Proton may face obstacles in search for foreign partner, BUSINESS TIMES
Newspaper article from: Business Times (Malaysia); 4/2/2001; ; 563 words
; ...2001 PERUSAHAAN Otomobil Nasional Bhd (Proton)'s search for a foreign strategic partner...it may allow up to 30 per cent stake in Proton to be offered to foreign investors. Japan...Mitsubishi Motor Corp owns 16 per cent of Proton, and in turn DaimlerChrysler AG owns...
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Proton's proposal may hurt EON earnings, BUSINESS TIMES
Newspaper article from: Business Times (Malaysia); 2/13/2001; ; 700+ words
; ...agreement with Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Bhd (Proton), say analysts. A recent report quoted Proton's chief executive officer Tengku Tan Sri...the development cost of every new model. Proton Edar Sdn Bhd, formerly known as USPD Sdn...
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Proton is shaping new ideas
Newspaper article from: The Topeka ; 10/24/2002; ; 700+ words
; ...can actually taste the proton. Vinegar and lemonade...stripped of electrons. Protons taste sour. But the identity...beam at a target full of protons. Then they studied the protons they knocked loose. If a proton is round, it should be...
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Proton accepts challenges and seeks opportunities
Newspaper article from: New Straits Times; 9/2/2000; 700+ words
; New Straits Times 09-02-2000 Proton accepts challenges and seeks opportunities...doubt the survival of the torch bearer, Proton, as market-opening Asean Free Trade...draws closer. Sceptics may say that Proton, Southeast Asia's largest car manufacturer...
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Proton Pump Inhibitors
Encyclopedia entry from: Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 3rd ed.
Proton Pump Inhibitors Definition The proton pump inhibitors are a group of drugs that reduce the secretion...adenosine triphosphatase , which is sometimes referred to as the proton pump. This enzyme causes parietal cells of the stomach lining...
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Proton
Encyclopedia entry from: The Gale Encyclopedia of Science
Proton The proton is a positively charged subatomic particle. Protons are one of the fundamental constituents...is about 2,000 times lighter than a proton. In neutral atoms, the number of protons and electrons are equal. The number...
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proton
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
...contains one or more protons; the number of protons, called the atomic...The mass of the proton is about 1,840 times...the same mass as the proton but a unit negative...opposite magnetic moment. Protons are frequently used...
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proton pump
Book article from: A Dictionary of Biology
proton pump A carrier protein or complex of proteins that transports protons (H + ) across biological membranes. Such...the membrane compared to the other. This proton gradient is then exploited by the cell to...
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proton–proton reaction
Book article from: A Dictionary of Astronomy
proton–proton reaction A chain of nuclear reactions...the reaction, four hydrogen nuclei (protons) fuse to form one nucleus of helium...temperatures below 18 million K the proton–proton reaction is more...
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