chitinase
chitinase An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of
chitin, a major constituent of fungal cell walls and of the exoskeleton of insects and other arthropods. It is synthesized by certain insect-eating animals, such as frogs, and also by certain plants as part of their defence against fungal infection (see
hypersensitivity). Transfer of the chitinase gene between different plant species has been successfully undertaken in an attempt to enhance the resistance of susceptible species to pathogenic fungi.
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 "The Birmingham Post (England)")
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Word Wizard.(Features)
Newspaper article from: The Birmingham Post (England); 2/13/2008; 296 words
; ...of which is correct. Can you identify the right definition? SCUTAGE 1) Inferior quality pottery clay which will not withstand high...paid in lieu of military service. ANSWER: No 3 is correct. Scutage was a tax on a knight.
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 "The Journal (Newcastle, England)")
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TIME OUT: Word Wizard.(Features)
Newspaper article from: The Journal (Newcastle, England); 2/13/2008; 311 words
; ...of which is correct. Can you identify the right definition? SCUTAGE 1) Inferior quality pottery clay which will not withstand high...paid in lieu of military service. ANSWER: No 3 is correct. Scutage was a tax on a knight.
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MAGNA CARTA TODAY.
Magazine article from: Calliope; 4/1/2000; ; 700+ words
; ...TAXATION King John imposed heavy taxes on his barons. Called "scutages," they were fees paid in place of military service. To guard against this practice, they wrote, "No scutage or aid is to be levied in our realm except by the common counsel...
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 "The Daily Mail (London, England)")
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A Mir drop in the ocean; ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.(Column)
Newspaper article from: The Daily Mail (London, England); 4/26/2001; 700+ words
; ...Britain this tradition was prevalent in courtly circles in the past. It is implied in the Magna Carta's clause 12: 'No scutage nor aid shall be imposed on our kingdom . . . unless it is for the ransom of our person, to make our eldest son a knight...
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BUNHILL: A heavy-duty Budget, please, and bring back the window tax
Newspaper article from: The Independent - London; 11/3/1996; ; 700+ words
; ...arbitrary tax on the Post Office - did you know it has to pay whatever the mandarins tell it to, without the option?) q Hidage, scutage and tallage. Self-explanatory really. I suggest the Chancellor just announces them, and sees what happens. q Tonnage...
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Knights and Warhorses: Military Service and the English Aristocracy Under Edward III. (book reviews)
Magazine article from: History Today; 2/1/1996; ; 700+ words
; ...whether or not part of the familia, comprised the majority element in armies as opposed to strictly feudal troops and that scutage - money paid in lieu of military service - was perhaps the feudal system's most significant contribution to Anglo-Norman...
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Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War. (book reviews)
Magazine article from: History Today; 2/1/1996; ; 700+ words
; ...whether or not part of the familia, comprised the majority element in armies as opposed to strictly feudal troops and that scutage - money paid in lieu of military service - was perhaps the feudal system's most significant contribution to Anglo-Norman...
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Testing times ahead as prince prepares for Eton exams
Newspaper article from: The Independent - London; 5/27/1995; ; 700+ words
; ...be able to name the case of the Latin word odorem and the gender of proelium; and to write about adulterine castles and scutage. When the Prince sits the Common Entrance Exam for 12 and 13-year-old prep school pupils next month, he will be faced...
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King of the keys; ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.
Newspaper article from: The Daily Mail (London, England); 3/12/2007; 700+ words
; ...for a quarter of the value of their property, gold and silver treasures were confiscated from churches and money raised from scutage (in lieu of a knight's military service) and carucage (a land levy). These are thought to have brought in 30 to 35 tons...
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FAMILY MATTERS.(King John, and the royal English family)
Magazine article from: Calliope; 4/1/2000; ; 700+ words
; ...heiresses or become the guardians of rich orphans. John's barons resented his policy of forcing them to pay frequent taxes ("scutages") instead of supplying soldiers for the campaigns against France. As a result, there were many defeats, and John earned...
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scutage
Book article from: A Dictionary of World History
...service. HENRY II raised seven scutages between 1157 and 1187. RICHARD I was tempted (1198) to turn scutage into an annual tax not necessarily...opposition to John's annual scutages (1201–06) was...that the king was not to levy scutage without consent, except in...
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feudalism
Book article from: The Oxford Companion to Irish History
...before Strongbow arrived in Ireland: money payment, known as scutage, was accepted in place of personal military service. The...lordship than in more densely colonized regions. As regards scutage, this was collected in Ireland from an early stage of the...
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mercenaries
Book article from: The Renaissance
...undertake sieges of enemy fortresses. The system had its roots in the practice of scutage, or payment by a vassal in lieu of military service. The payment of scutage allowed feudal lords to hire professional soldiers, who trained from a young age...
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Henry II
Book article from: A Dictionary of World History
...Stephen's reign. He dealt firmly with barons who had built castles without permission, and undertook the confirmation of SCUTAGE (1157), an overhaul of military obligations in a review of feudal assessments (1166), and the introduction of a law that...
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vassal
Book article from: A Dictionary of British History
...such as knight service, and aids for particular occasions. By the 13th cent. the arrangements were unravelling as lords increasingly paid scutage rather than perform knight service and vassals tried to commute their own obligations.
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