LANGUAGE PLANNING
Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language
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1998
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© Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language 1998, originally published by Oxford University Press 1998. (Hide copyright information)
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LANGUAGE PLANNING. The attempt to control the use, status, and structure of a language through a language policy developed by a government or other authority. Normally carried out by official agencies, such planning usually passes through several stages: a particular language or variety of a language is selected; codification is undertaken to stabilize it, for example by agreeing writing conventions for previously non-literate languages; the codified language is adjusted to enable it to perform new functions, for example by inventing or borrowing scientific vocabulary; and mechanisms are devised, such as teaching syllabuses and procedures for monitoring the media, to ensure that the language is used in conformity with the policy. This sequence is rarely appropriate for English, whose dominant role in the world gives it a unique position, but English is nonetheless officially planned into national education systems in various ways. In Britain,
WELSH has been promoted through the National Curriculum in Wales as a subject to be compulsorily learnt within Wales, but is not compulsorily available to Welsh speakers or others outside Wales. In post-colonial nations the relationship of English to indigenous languages is often carefully defined: as the language of secondary and tertiary education in Tanzania while
SWAHILI is the national language; as an official language recognized for legal purposes in India; as a library language in some subjects in some South American universities. Planning policy may be achieved through agencies at a number of levels in a state hierarchy. Governments may define their language policy throughout a country, ministries of education may define it within education, and institutions may contribute to planning through their own policies: for example, in the UK in the 1980s, local education authorities and individual schools attempted to define the roles of various especially migrant languages like Punjabi and Cantonese within particular regions or institutions. See
ACADEMY,
STANDARD.
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The Diet of Worms and the Defenestration of Prague
Magazine article from: Natural History; 9/1/1996; ; 700+ words
; ...1521, he spent ten days on the Diet of Worms (washed down with a good deal...euphonious phrases of history. The Diet of Worms is my prize specimen...emperor and a rump session of the Diet issued the Edict of Worms on May 8. But this document...
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Bacterial diet quiets worm genes. (Genetics).
Magazine article from: Science News; 10/19/2002; 633 words
; ...not weight-loss, diet. By feeding genetically engineered bacteria to worms, researchers have developed...to deactivate specific worm genes and study their...if not all, of the worm's genes (SN: 12...interference. By injecting a worm with a strand of RNA corresponding...p. 36). Injecting ...
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Germany launches five stamps, including stamp on 500th anniversary of the Diet of Worms. (Originated from Knight-Ridder Newspapers)
Newspaper article from: Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service; 1/19/1995; ; 535 words
; ...on the 500th anniversary of the Diet of Worms. The imperial diet, or legislative assembly, was...of the Holy Roman Empire. The diet also introduced the first general...current German tax system. Other diets were also held at Worms, including...
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Warming up to a diet of worms
Newspaper article from: New Straits Times; 6/3/2007; ; 700+ words
; ...Times 06-03-2007 Warming up to a diet of worms Byline: Kathirasen Edition: New...eat you. Also, opening a can of worms might no longer be an idiom; it...happened? Gossip Two: She went on a diet of half-boiled praying mantis...
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Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms: Essays on Natural History.(Brief Article)
Magazine article from: The Humanist; 1/1/2000; ; 700+ words
; Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms: Essays on Natural History by Stephen Jay...appearance before the Holy Roman Empire's diet, which met periodically in the old German city of Worms to conduct its legislative business. Other...
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Teachers tormented by Victorian exams ; Trainee teachers in Plymouth have been left flummoxed by a mind- bending examination from 1846 which left them wondering: "What the heck was the Diet of Worms?".
Newspaper article from: Plymouth Evening Herald, The; 10/30/2008; ; 621 words
; ...them wondering: "What the heck was the Diet of Worms?". A lecturer at the University College...have been expected to know the date of the Diet of Worms, which is not in fact some celebrity fad diet. It was actually an extremely important...
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 "The Mail on Sunday (London, England)")
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Sett for starvation; Badgers desperate for food as the hot, dry weather kills off their staple diet of worms.
Newspaper article from: The Mail on Sunday (London, England); 8/24/2003; ; 700+ words
; ...summer killed off their staple diet. The best weather for years...thing at night to encourage worms to the surface for badgers to...on earthworms as their staple diet and the long hot period has reduced the worm population. In desperation...thing at night to encourage worms to the surface.' ...
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 "St Louis Post-Dispatch (MO)")
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PRINCE OF A GUY PUTS DYNAMIC DUO IN DANGER.(Travel & Leisure)(Dick RichmondDiet Of Worms"\"Day Of Wrath")(Review)
Newspaper article from: St Louis Post-Dispatch (MO); 9/27/1998; ; 700+ words
; ...Audios may be found in bookstores or ordered by calling (800) 223-2348. "Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms" By Stephen Jay Gould (6 hours, unabridged essays, $25; or 12 hours, unabridged essays, $40, Dove Audio...
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Country gardener: The diet of worms
Newspaper article from: The Scotsman; 4/5/2003; ; 546 words
; ...possible to exercise ownership over a worm, I suppose I can say that those 2,000 worms now belong to me. Many unexpected alterations...something about this amazing talent that worms have because I had heard that Roger Daltrey...dumps turned into heaps of earth-loving worm casts. What I did not ...
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Fishing lines: I survived on a diet of worms
Newspaper article from: The Independent on Sunday; 4/27/2003; ; 641 words
; ...occasionally hides a red, yellow and green worm.) Time tends to smooth off the edges...invariably cheated me on the number of worms I had dug. Sea-fishing bait is big...generate the same waste as a small town), worm farming is good clean fun. The only problem for the company is seabirds. Worm ...
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Diet of Worms
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
Diet of Worms 1521, most famous of the imperial diets held at Worms, Germany. It was...question of the Reichsregiment , the diet took up the question of the recalcitrant...safe-conduct on Apr. 16. At the diet Luther was asked if he would retract...
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Worms, Diet of
Book article from: A Dictionary of World History
Worms, Diet of (1521) A meeting between LUTHER and CHARLES V that took place in the city of Worms, on the River Rhine, in Germany. Luther...Protestant reform and on the last day of the Diet his teaching was formally condemned in the...
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Worms
Book article from: The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
Worms an industrial town in western Germany, on the Rhine north-west of Mannheim, which was the scene in 1521 of the condemnation of Martin Luther's teaching, at the Diet of Worms .
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Diet
Dictionary entry from: Dictionary of Collective Nouns and Group Terms
Diet a formal public assembly, e.g., Diet of Worms, 1521. See also .
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diet
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
...financial problems. The imperial diet or Reichstag of the Holy Roman...parts. Among the most important diets were those of Worms (1495) and Cologne (1512...emperor. The most important diets of the Reformation were Worms...1530, 1547, 1555). The diet declined in importance and after...
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