INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET
Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language
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1998
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© Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language 1998, originally published by Oxford University Press 1998. (Hide copyright information)
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INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET, short form IPA. An
ALPHABET developed by the
International Phonetic Association to provide suitable symbols for the sounds of any language. The symbols are based on the Roman alphabet, with further symbols created by inverting or reversing Roman letters or taken from the Greek alphabet. The main characters are supplemented when necessary by diacritics. The first version of the alphabet was developed in the late 19c by A. E. Ellis, Paul Passy, Henry Sweet, and Daniel JONES from a concept proposed by Otto Jespersen. It has been revised from time to time, most recently in 1989 (see accompanying charts). The IPA is sufficiently rich to label the phonemes of any language and to handle the contrasts between them, but its wide range of exotic symbols and diacritics makes it difficult and expensive for printers and publishers to work with. As a result, modifications are sometimes made for convenience and economy, for example in ELT learners' dictionaries. Phoneme symbols are used in phonemic transcription, either to provide a principled method of transliterating non-Roman alphabets (such as Russian, Arabic, Chinese), or to provide an alphabet for a previously unwritten language. The large number of diacritics makes it possible to mark minute shades of sound as required for a narrow phonetic transcription. The alphabet has not had the success that its designers hoped for, in such areas as the teaching of languages (especially English) and
SPELLING REFORM. It is less used in North America than elsewhere, but is widely used as a pronunciation aid for EFL and ESL, especially by British publishers and increasingly in British dictionaries of English. See
ENGLISH PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY,
LANGUAGE TEACHING,
LEARNER'S DICTIONARY,
PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION,
SPEECH,
RESPELLING, WRITING.
Cite this article
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PLANETARY DIAGRAMS FOR ROMAN ASTRONOMY IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE, CA. 800-1500
Magazine article from: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society; 1/1/2004; ; 700+ words
; ...s Commentary on Cicero's Somnium Scipionis, Martianus Capella's Marriage of Philology and Mercury, and Calcidius...diagram was referring to a doctrine of one author, Martianus Capella for example, when further questioning and analysis...
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Gersh, Stephen. Reading Plato, Tracing Plato: From Ancient Commentary to Medieval Reception.(Book review)
Magazine article from: The Review of Metaphysics; 9/1/2006; ; 700+ words
; ...doctrines mediated through Calcidius, Macrobius, Martianus Capella, Boethius, and Augustine, and it terminates with...doctrines, as well as the utilization of the latter by Martianus Capella in his allegorical depictions of Neophythagorean...
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Verse with Prose from Petronius to Dante: The Art and the Scope of the Mixed Form
Magazine article from: Comparative Literature; 1/1/1997; ; 700+ words
; ...Pabst frames his research between the fifth century (Martianus Capella) and the fifteenth century (Jean Gerson), and...second chapter, "Allegory and the Mixed Form." Martianus's De nuptiis has always been considered a peculiar...
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Break the chains: Education is the mind's liberation from ignorance
Newspaper article from: Charleston Gazette; 4/14/2004; ; 700+ words
; ...seven arts were first enumerated in a pedagogical allegory penned by a fifth century Carthaginian scholar named Martianus Capella. Capella describes a wedding between a male god and a human female who, by drinking ambrosia, attained divinity...
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Down to Earth and Up to Heaven: The Nine Muses in Martin Le Franc's "Le Champion des Dames"
Magazine article from: Fifteenth Century Studies; 1/1/2007; ; 700+ words
; ...depicted as universal movers by Martianus Capella, as ambivalent influences by...whom Le Franc was familiar - Martianus Capella, Boethius, and Isidore of...fifth-c. (North African) Martianus Capella provided a pagan and abstract...
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From a Grammar of Sentences to a Grammar of Texts: Thoughts and Impressions on Grammar and Writing.
Magazine article from: Academic Exchange Quarterly; 6/22/2001; ; 700+ words
; ...Nuptials of Philology and Mercury, Martianus Capella, a rhetorician from Carthage...that I was back in the times of Martianus Capella and Theodulphus of Orleans...definitions and from the story of Martianus Capella, we can draw a number of consequences...
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Scott D. Westrem, The Hereford Map: a Transcription and Translation of the Legends with Commentary.(Book Review)
Magazine article from: Medium Aevum; 3/22/2003; ; 700+ words
; ...The sources must be listed here--the Bible, the Elder Pliny, the Antonine Itinerary, Solinus, St Jerome, Martianus Capella, Orosius, Isidore, Aethicus Ister, and the Expositio Mappe Mundi (EMM). The last item is astonishing. Patrick...
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The Uta Codex: Art, Philosophy and Reform in Eleventh-Century Germany
Magazine article from: The Catholic Historical Review; 10/1/2002; ; 700+ words
; ...primarily the tracts on music but this text which was the basic source of understanding of musical theory-this text and Martianus Capella Book IX. Again, in the picture of the Erhard Mass, the second titulus is first misunderstood (p. 81)-it should...
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The Theory of Music, vol. 4, Manuscripts from the Carolingian Era up to c. 1500 in Great Britain and in the United States of America.
Magazine article from: Notes; 9/1/1994; ; 700+ words
; ...encyclopedias and numerous manuscripts of late Latin theorists such as Augustine, Boethius, Cassiodorus, Isidore, and Martianus Capella copied between 800 and 1500 "when they occur alone or in a quadrivial context without other treatises of music...
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From Plato to Lancelot: A Preface to Chrétien de Troyes
Magazine article from: Arthuriana; 10/1/2009; ; 700+ words
; ...the plot of Erec et Enide corresponds to that of the allegorical marriage of Mercury and Philology which introduces Martianus Capella's compendium of the Liberal Arts. In the end, I am persuaded that there is indeed a path that leads meaningfully...
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Martianus Capella
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
Martianus Capella see Capella, Martianus .
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Gerbert
Dictionary entry from: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
...of Vich; he concentrated on mathematics, Probably on the works of such authors as Boethius, Cassiodorus, and Martianus Capella. How much Moorish science Gerbert was able to study as far north as Vich is uncertain. In 970 he accompanied Borel...
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Argoli, Andrea
Dictionary entry from: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
...on the earth (in contradistinction to the Tychonic hypothesis). This scheme is essentially the same as that of Martianus Capella, with the addition of the rotation of the earth on its own axis. A communication to Galileo from F. Micanzio gives...
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liberal arts
Book article from: The Oxford Dictionary of Art
...masters of the arts concerned (e.g. Cicero with Rhetoric). The system was formulated by the 5th-century scholar Martianus Capella in his elaborate allegorical treatise The Marriage of Philologia and Mercury , which was much studied in the Middle...
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Latin literature
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
...The philological scholars of the empire were numerous. These included Aulus Gellius , Terentianus, Macrobius , Martianus Capella , and Priscian . As the classical inspiration died, the tradition of Latin literature was borrowed from and carried...
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