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HAWAII PIDGIN ENGLISH

HAWAII PIDGIN ENGLISH, also informally Pidgin. Although the term Hawaiian pidgin has been widely used to refer to the English-based PIDGIN and CREOLE varieties used in Hawaii, some people of ethnic Hawaiian descent have objected to it because it suggests that HAWAIIAN rather than English was pidginized. The term Hawaii Pidgin English is now generally preferred among scholars and teachers. It may have been a pidginized version of Hawaiian re-lexified with English words and used by the Chinese plantation labourers who took over the cultivation of taro from native Hawaiians. This pidgin was originally known as olelo pa'i'ai (pounded but undiluted taro language) and is partially related to one of the earliest forms of English in the islands, Maritime Pidgin Hawaiian, which was used between Hawaiians and sailors and traders of various backgrounds, but principally from the US. During the development of a plantation economy in the later 19c, Hawaiians and English-speaking plantation owners communicated in so-called hapa-haole (half-foreign), probably foreigner talk rather than a pidgin. The crucial years for formation were 1890 to 1910, when most Chinese, Portuguese, and Japanese arrived. The initial pidgin was unstable and varied considerably, depending on the native language of the speaker. It became stable after the turn of the century, when pidgin-speaking immigrants married and brought up children using it as their primary language. At this stage, it was creolized and is now called HAWAII CREOLE ENGLISH.

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	Messaging company finds success as middleman. (National Dispatch Center Inc.) (includes company profile) Magazine article from: San Diego Business Journal; 6/3/1996; ; 700+ words ; ...only catch: The operators had to speak Pidgin English, a form of English using rudimentary...About 600,000 people in Hawaii speak pidgin as a first or second language, said Beth...communications. So we found people that could speak pidgin, hired them and trained them as operators... Read more
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	Michael Arcega: de Young Museum. Magazine article from: Artforum International; 12/1/2007; ; 509 words ; ...savvy, Michael Arcega's current exhibition at the de Young Museum maintains an amiably critical position. Its title, Homing Pidgin, immediately signals the artist's penchant for puns, which he applies to hot-button topics like a kind of witty conceptual makeup... Read more
	My candidate! But not necessarily the right one.(presidential candidate John F. Kerry) Magazine article from: National Review; 10/25/2004; ; 700+ words ; ...exactly twelve years ago, on the eve of Bill Clinton's big election--which is a sentence, by the way, that, if repeated in a pidgin racist Chinese-houseboy accent, produces a hilarious and meaningful double entendre. I'll pause while you try it. Got it? Anyway... Read more
	Papua New Guinea. (a photo traveler's treasure; includes analysis of cultural traditions and social customs) Magazine article from: PSA Journal; 8/1/1994; ; 700+ words ; ...different languages are spoken, it was not surprising to find pidgin commonly used for communication. It is a cohesive force and the language of their national parliament. To talk pidgin requires just 1300 words to cover the same territory as 6000... Read more
	A bountiful feast: Nigerian music. Magazine article from: African Business; 12/1/2005; 700+ words ; ...UK-based, independent label, are a seminal collection of Nigerian highlife, juju, apala and fuji popular music styles. In Nigerian pidgin English, 'chop-up' is appropriately enough a 'bountiful feast', while the meaning of 'All-Routes' is clear enough. The bulk... Read more
	Modern materialism catches up with Papua New Guinea. Magazine article from: USA Today (Magazine); 11/1/1997; ; 700+ words ; ...now is that the children are sliding toward the English-based pidgin that is fast becoming the common language of working classes...national language, but the trade languages, Motu and Melanesian Pidgin English, are in more common use.) There still are few roads... Read more
	Fela Kuti: Afrobeat ambassador.(Music rebels: dissident music then and now)(Brief Article) Magazine article from: New Internationalist; 8/1/2003; 219 words ; ...Fela blended African-American jazz, soul and funk with traditional Nigerian and West African rhythms, often singing in the pidgin English spoken by the Nigerian poor. The Shrine nightclub he created became an important social and political institution, attached... Read more
	Investigating dialectal variation in the English of Nigerian university graduates: methodology and pilot study.(LINGUISTICS) Magazine article from: Studia Anglica Posnaniensia: international review of English Studiess; 1/1/2008; ; 700+ words ; ...approach enables one to view Nigerian English (NE) and Nigerian Pidgin English (NPE) as two languages operating in an extended diglossic...has investigated the use of both Standard English and Nigerian Pidgin English in structured interviews across the country. It is this... Read more
	Africa, South and Southeast Asia. (CD-ROM included).(Brief Article)(Book Review) Magazine article from: Reference & Research Book News; 5/1/2008; 170 words ; ...the different varieties for the area--the 28 varieties of English in this volume include Cameroon, Nigerian Pidgin, Ghanaian, Ghanaian Pidgin, White South African, Black South African, and Pakistani. The second part is devoted to chapters on morphology... Read more

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	PIDGIN Book article from: Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language PIDGIN A term used in both a general and a technical sense for a CONTACT LANGUAGE which draws on elements from two or more languages: pidgin Portuguese ; a Spanish pidgin . The general sense As generally understood, a pidgin is a hybrid ‘makeshift language’ used... Read more
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