COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE
Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language
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1998
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© Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language 1998, originally published by Oxford University Press 1998. (Hide copyright information)
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COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE. In
LINGUISTICS, the distinction between a person's knowledge of language (
competence) and use of it (
performance). Performance contains slips of the tongue and false starts, and represents only a small sample of possible utterances:
I own two-thirds of an emu is a good English sentence, but is unlikely to occur in any collected sample. The terms were proposed by Noam
CHOMSKY in
Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, when he stressed the need for a
GENERATIVE GRAMMAR that mirrors a speaker's competence and captures the creative aspect of linguistic ability. In
Knowledge of Language (1986), Chomsky replaced the terms with
I-language (internalized language) and
E-language (externalized language). A similar dichotomy,
LANGUE and PAROLE, was proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure (1915), who stressed the social aspects of
langue, regarding it as shared knowledge, whereas Chomsky stressed the individual nature of competence. See
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE,
MISTAKE.
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`Esther': A voice from beyond Nazi death camp.(Metropolitan Times)(Features)(Theater)
Newspaper article from: The Washington Times; 2/3/1998; ; 700+ words
; "Dear Esther" takes us back to Sobibor, Poland, a...responsible for the murder of 250,000 Jews. Esther Terner Rabb claims the figure should be higher: In Richard Rashke's drama, we hear Esther recall the Nazis celebrating their millionth...
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ESTHER'S STORY
Newspaper article from: The Boston Globe; 10/11/1999; ; 700+ words
; ...They were living like animals," says Esther Daiton. She didn't have any money...the road. First by bus, then foot. Esther crossed north into Malawi, through Zambia...orphans." To keep and protect her babies, Esther Daiton sells popcorn on the roads of this...
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 "The Daily Mail (London, England)")
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esther:the truth.
Newspaper article from: The Daily Mail (London, England); 2/17/2001; ; 700+ words
; Byline: CASSANDRA WILCOX This week Esther Rantzen lovingly described how she nursed...speak out. Last week, my stepmother, Esther Rantzen, published the first part of...miss her dreadfully. When I telephoned Esther on three occasions to ask her what she...
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Esther Russell Plays Games With Will Shortz
Transcript from: NPR Weekend Edition - Sunday; 4/28/1996; 700+ words
; 00-00-0000 Esther Russell is the winner of last week's...opportunity to play with Will Shortz. Esther is from Tennessee and her public radio...about 350 entries, and our winner is Esther Russell, and she lives in Tracy City...
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Esther's Story
Newspaper article from: The Boston Globe; 10/11/1999; ; 700+ words
; ...They were living like animals," says Esther Daiton. She didn't have any money...the road. First by bus, then foot. Esther crossed north into Malawi, through Zambia...orphans." To keep and protect her babies, Esther Daiton sells popcorn on the roads of this...
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ESTHER CREATES HISTORY
Newspaper article from: The Malay Mail; 8/13/2005; ; 700+ words
; ...old to create history for Malaysia. Esther Cheah, who is making her debut in the...medal in Aalborg, Denmark, last night. Esther, who turned 19 on March 31, was bowling...the bronze medal in the All-Events. Esther the only daughter of former national bowler...
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With Esther and Vashti, two models for women.(Knight Ridder Newspapers)
Newspaper article from: Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service; 3/9/2001; ; 700+ words
; ...turned to the biblical story of Queen Esther, the beautiful maiden who won the heart...people. The servant believed that, like Esther, she was endangering herself and her...Potomac.) Often, she compared herself to Esther, even quoting her: "If I perish, I...
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Elba Esther, la coleccionista de propiedades. (Corrupción).
Magazine article from: Proceso; 12/15/2002; ; 700+ words
; ...real del sindicato de maestros, Elba Esther Gordillo tiene un costoso hbito, adicional...Riquilla de nacimiento, segn ella, Elba Esther Gordillo Morales exhibi, sin embargo...siglo. La mayora de los inmuebles de Elba Esther se ubican en zonas residenciales caras...
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 "Coventry Evening Telegraph (England)")
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Esther tells of her life, loves and passions; 50 PLUS.(Supplement)
Newspaper article from: Coventry Evening Telegraph (England); 3/17/2001; 700+ words
; Byline: CHRIS FARN Esther Rantzen's new book follows her meteoric rise to fame TV PRESENTER and broadcaster Esther Rantzen's new book 'Esther: The Autobiography' gives readers a fascinating account...
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Honoring Esther's heroism
Newspaper article from: The Topeka Capital-Journal; 3/15/2003; ; 700+ words
; ...Purim: Celebration commemorates Queen Esther's role in saving the Jewish people By...the long list of biblical heroes, Queen Esther stands out as one who used both her beauty...Her story, recorded in the Book of Esther, reveals her behind-the- scenes maneuvering...
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Esther
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of World Biography
Esther Persian Queen Esther (492 B.C.–c. 460 B.C.), born as a Jewish exile...King Ahasuerus after he divorced the former queen for disobedience, Esther would intercede on behalf of the Jewish people of the kingdom and...
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Phillips, Esther
Book article from: Contemporary Musicians
Esther Phillips Singer Whether billed as teen rhythm-and-blues sensation Little Esther or as a crossover pop, country, or soul artist, Esther Phillips created an impressive body of memorable music during the course of her troubled life...
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Bick, Esther (1901-1983)
Dictionary entry from: International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis
BICK, ESTHER (1901-1983) Esther Bick, a physician and psychoanalyst, was born of orthodox Jewish...Following Germany's annexation of Austria on March 12, 1938, Esther Bick reached London, where she became a student of Melanie Klein...
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Edwards, Esther Gordy 1920(?)–
Book article from: Contemporary Black Biography
Esther Gordy Edwards 1920(?)– Music...of Motown Records founder Berry Gordy, Esther Gordy Edwards held various titles within...executive officer. No matter what her title, Esther Gordy Edwards remained a vital cog in the...
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Esther, book of
Book article from: A Dictionary of the Bible
Esther, book of The seventeenth book of the OT in the traditional...cent. BCE ) full of suspense as it unfolds. The beautiful Esther who also has the Hebrew name Hadassah (Esther 2: 7) pleads successfully with King Ahasuerus , her husband...
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