COMMUNICATION
Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language
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1998
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© Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language 1998, originally published by Oxford University Press 1998. (Hide copyright information)
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COMMUNICATION. A fundamental concept in the study of behaviour, whether by humans, animals, or machines, that acts as a frame of reference for the concept of
LANGUAGE. Communication refers to the transmission of information (a
message) between a source and a receiver, using a signalling system. In linguistic studies, both source and receiver are human, the system involved is a language, and the idea of response to feedback (a message) holds a central place. In theory, communication is said to have taken place if the information received is the same as that sent. In practice, we have to allow for all kinds of interfering factors (technically known as
noise), which reduce the efficiency of the transmission, such as poor articulation or hearing, extraneous noise, and unconscious personal associations for words. See
AMBIGUITY,
CHILD LANGUAGE ACQUISITION,
CONVERSATION,
DIALOG(UE),
LANGUAGE SHIFT,
LINGUA FRANCA,
MEANING,
SEMANTICS,
SPEECH, WRITING.
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Early Osage peyotism
Magazine article from: Plains Anthropologist; 2/1/1998; ; 700+ words
; ...only remaining practitioners of Big Moon Peyotism. This paper presents an examination...In addition, I argue that studies of Peyotism among Plains Indian societies could benefit...explanations to account for the acceptance of Peyotism. Keywords: Osage Indians; Peyotism...
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Unaffected by the Gospel: Osage Resistance to the Christian Invasion, 1673-1906: A Cultural Victory
Magazine article from: The Arkansas Historical Quarterly; 12/1/2005; ; 700+ words
; ...time of crisis. The new religion was Peyotism, which took root in the late nineteenth...the West. Even with the acceptance of Peyotism, Rollings argues, the usages put their own stamp on it and developed West Moon Peyotism, facing the altar west, instead of...
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Controversial Bill Signed Into Law
News Wire article from: Targeted News Service; 11/6/2007; 700+ words
; ...religion to partake in." The Osage religion before the advent of Peyotism, has been characterized by one writer as being as complex...of the Osage religion when Moonhead, John Wilson, brought Peyotism to them," Maker wrote in an email. "The leaders of that...
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Willard Hughes Rollings. Unaffected by the Gospel: Osage Resistance to the Christian Invasion 1673-1906: A Cultural Victory.(Book review)
Magazine article from: The American Indian Quarterly; 1/1/2008; ; 700+ words
; ...history is continued to 1906, detailing the replacement of traditional Osage religion with the somewhat compatible Big Moon Peyotism. Rollings is an historian, and Unaffected by the Gospel follows his The Osage: An Ethnohistorical Study of Hegemony on the...
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Unaffected by the Gospel: Osage Resistance to the Christian Invasion (1673-1906): A Cultural Victory.(Battle for the BIA [Bureau of Indian Affairs]: G. E. E. Lindquist and the Missionary Crusade Against John Collier, Indians, Missionaries, and Merchants: The Legacy of Colonial Encounters on the California Frontiers, Black Elk: Colonialism and Lakota Catholicism)(Book Review)
Magazine article from: International Bulletin of Missionary Research; 1/1/2006; ; 700+ words
; ...to crumble in the wake of the Euro-American incursion, the Osage determined to retain their traditional faith and added Peyotism to it. The result was a religion shaped not by white Christians but by the Osage themselves. The Osage reasoned that they...
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Wakinyan: Lakota Religion in the Twentieth Century/Before the Great Spirit: The Many Faces of Sioux Spirituality
Magazine article from: Ethnic Studies Review; 1/1/2003; ; 700+ words
; ...Lakota, the author then carefully examines a variety of Lakota rituals: Sun Dance, Vision Quest, Sweat Lodge, Yuwipi, Peyotism, and a number of healing ceremonies. The author combines scholarly research with vivid storytelling that brings to life his...
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The Kiowa Drawings of Gotebo (1847-1927): A Self-Portrait of Cultural and Religious Transition
Magazine article from: Plains Anthropologist; 5/1/2007; ; 700+ words
; ...drawings illustrate his experiences as a warrior, his first two marriages, and his religious participation in the Sun Dance, Peyotism, and Christianity. Because so much Plains Indian ledger art that has been published relates to warfare, hunting, and related...
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Pagan prisoner to sue bosses over ban on drum in her cell
Newspaper article from: The Northern Echo; 7/31/2007; ; 669 words
; ...key role, being interpreted as omens, spirit guides or carrying messages.The most widespread Native American religion is Peyotism, where peyote, a small cactus, is used for its hallucinogenic effects. There are about 250,000 followers, who see Peyote...
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peyotism
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
peyotism religion of some Native North Americans in which the hallucinogenic peyote...is the most widespread indigenous contemporary Native American religion. Peyotism teaches an ethical doctrine much like those of the monotheistic religions...
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Native American Church
Dictionary entry from: Dictionary of American History
...Mountains, and it is also important among the Navajo in the Great Basin, in east-central California, and in southern Canada. Peyotism's legal standing met a serious challenge in 1990, when the U.S. Supreme Court decreed, in Employment Division v. Smith...
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Castaneda, Carlos
Encyclopedia entry from: International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
...numerous discrepancies between his books and at least one thousand reports of independent researchers render his portrait of peyotism an inane parody. Similarly, Weston La Barre (1911 – 1996), a specialist in peyote rituals performed in the Native...
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Ute
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
...sod shelters. The bear dance and the sun dance were important features of their culture; the Ute also became adherents of peyotism . The Ute were fierce, nomadic warriors, who, after the introduction of the horse, ranged into New Mexico and Arizona...
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Delaware Indians
Dictionary entry from: Dictionary of American History
...the 1900s as he simultaneously advocated Catholicism, the Ghost Dance, and the beginnings of the Native American Church (peyotism). Forced into Ohio, the Delawares divided by 1800. Most Monsi moved into Ontario. The Unami continued to Indiana, where...
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