revolutions

revolutions revolutions are not made with rosewater proverbial saying, early 19th century; a comment of the late 18th century, attributed to the French writer Chamfort on the French Revolution of 1789, is, ‘do you require that revolutions be made with rosewater?’
Revolutions of 1848 a series of revolts against monarchical rule in Europe during 1848, springing from a shared background of autocratic government, lack of representation for the middle classes, economic grievances, and growing nationalism. Revolution occurred first in France, where socialists and supporters of universal suffrage caused the overthrow of King Louis Philippe, and in the German and Italian states there were uprisings and demonstrations; in Austria rioting caused the flight of the emperor and of Prince Metternich, and peoples subject to the Habsburg empire, notably the Hungarians, demanded autonomy. All the revolutions ended in failure and repression, but some of the liberal reforms gained as a result (such as universal male suffrage in France) survived, and nationalist aims in Germany and Italy were achieved.