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satellite DNA

A Dictionary of Ecology | 2004 | | © A Dictionary of Ecology 2004, originally published by Oxford University Press 2004. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

satellite DNA Any DNA which differs enough in its base composition to form a separate fraction from the majority of genomic DNA on centrifugation. This bias in base composition is often due to highly repetitious DNA. Satellite DNA may consist of dispersed repeats (e.g. long interdispersed elements and short interdispersed elements) or may be arranged in a tandem array. In a tandem array it may have very short repeating units, 2–10 base pairs in the case of microsatellite DNA, or slightly longer ones, 10–100 base pairs in the case of minisatellite DNA. The number of repeating units within a single satellite tandem array changes rapidly in evolutionary terms, due to the processes of replication slippage and unequal crossing over. Consequently, the length of an array can be used as a highly informative character in phylogenetic analysis at the intraspecific level. By using many such arrays a highly specific set of character states can be established, by which an individual organism may be identified; this is a DNA fingerprint.

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