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river water, major constituents

A Dictionary of Earth Sciences | 1999 | | Â© A Dictionary of Earth Sciences 1999, originally published by Oxford University Press 1999. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

river water, major constituents The average composition of river water is very different from that of sea water. The pH varies greatly from areas of high organic activity, e.g. the equatorial rain forests, to zones of little activity around the poles; the average is usually between 6 and 8. Large rivers, e.g. the Amazon, remove about 10⁵ kg of material per km² of catchment area every year. Of this, 2 × 10⁴ kg is dissolved and the rest is carried as solid particles of colloidal debris. The composition of typical river water is:

Ion	Parts per thousand	Percentage of dissolved material
bicarbonate HCO₃⁻	58.5	48.6
calcium Ca²⁺	15.0	12.5
silicate SiO₂⁻	13.1	11.0
sulphate SO₄²⁻	11.2	9.3
chloride Cl⁻	7.8	6.5
sodium Na⁺	6.3	5.3
magnesium Mg²⁺	4.1	3.4
potassium K⁺	2.3	2.0
nitrate NO₃²⁺	1.0	0.8
iron Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺	0.7	0.6
TOTAL	120.0	100.0

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