Howe, Sir William
The Oxford Companion to American Military History
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2000
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© The Oxford Companion to American Military History 2000, originally published by Oxford University Press 2000. (Hide copyright information)
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Howe, Sir William (1729–1814), British general.The youngest of the second Viscount Howe's three sons, all of whom served in America, William Howe joined the British army in 1746. During the
French and Indian War he served at the
Louisbourg Siege and the
Battle of Québec. Howe returned to America in 1775 to reinforce Gen.
Thomas Gage in the Revolutionary War, arriving in time to command British forces at the
Battle of Bunker Hill. Howe won that battle (losing nearly 40% of his attack force) and succeeded Gage as commander in chief October 1775. During the campaign of 1776, Howe defeated the
Continental army at Long Island, New York City, and White Plains. In 1777, hoping to capture the Congress, he invaded Pennsylvania, but had to settle for occupying Philadelphia, while the northern Continentals and militia defeated Gen.
John Burgoyne's invading army in New York at the
Battles of Saratoga. Upon Burgoyne's surrender, Howe resigned his command, leaving for England in 1778.
During his three years as commander in chief, Howe consistently stopped short of destroying his enemy when the opportunity arose—perhaps from a sensible estimate of the dangers of pursuit, or from Howe's contradictory roles. As peace commissioner, he was required to negotiate a peace that would bring the colonies voluntarily back into the empire. Howe squandered the British army's numerical superiority by refusing to unleash its full force on the Americans.
[See also
Cornwallis, Charles;
Clinton, Henry;
Revolutionary War: Military and Diplomatic Course.]
Bibliography
Ira Gruber , The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution, 1972.
Jon T. Coleman
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