Norman architecture

Norman architecture. A version of the European Romanesque style of the early Middle Ages, introduced into England by the Normans after 1066. Used extensively for ecclesiastical and military purposes until the rise of Gothic during the early 13th cent., it is characterized by heavy, load-bearing masonry construction, comparatively modest window apertures, deeply recessed doorways, massive columns or piers, and the use of the round arch and its derivatives, the groin- and barrel-vaults. Ornament was usually restricted to repetitive, geometric mouldings such as those of the lozenge, chevron, or zigzag type. In comparison to practice on the continent, sculpture was very sparingly used.

The numerous monasteries, cathedrals (many of monastic origin), and castles which the Normans built symbolized their authority, the Norman castle in particular, with its ‘shell’ or rectangular keep, being an essential element of the subjugation process. In ecclesiastical buildings, the triforium, a windowless gallery above the main arcade, was of great importance, largely for structural reasons, in contrast to the enlarged clerestory of Gothic architecture. This can be seen in the nave (begun 1099) of Durham cathedral, an outstanding example of Norman work. Other Norman examples include the cathedrals of Chichester (nave 1114–48), Ely (nave begun c.1090), Norwich (nave, transepts, and choir 1096–1145), and Peterborough (nave, transepts, and choir 1118–c.1190), the church of St Bartholomew the Great, Smithfield, London (choir begun early 12th cent.), the keep and chapel (‘White Tower’) of the Tower of London (1078–90), Colchester castle (begun c.1071) and Castle Hedingham (c.1140), both in Essex, Oakham castle (late 12th cent.), and portions of Durham castle, especially the undercroft chapel (possibly as early as 1070–80).

T. E. Faulkner